[PM-27797] Prevent host page manipulation of inline menu popover attribute (#17400)

* turn off inline experience if host page aggressively competes for top of top-layer

* add alert message for top-layer hijack scenarios

* widen the backoff threshold

* refactor backoff logic to include popover attribute mutations

* improve getPageIsOpaque check

* do not attempt inline menu insertion if it has been disabled for security concerns

* fix typo

* cleanup

* add tests

apps/browser/src/_locales/en/messages.json

@@ -2436,6 +2436,9 @@
       }
     }
   },
+  "topLayerHijackWarning": {
+    "message": "This page is interfering with the Bitwarden experience. The Bitwarden inline menu has been temporarily disabled as a safety measure."
+  },
   "setMasterPassword": {
     "message": "Set master password"
   },

apps/browser/src/autofill/overlay/inline-menu/content/autofill-inline-menu-content.service.spec.ts

@@ -53,13 +53,35 @@ describe("AutofillInlineMenuContentService", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  describe("messageHandlers", () => {
+    it("returns the extension message handlers", () => {
+      const handlers = autofillInlineMenuContentService.messageHandlers;
+
+      expect(handlers).toHaveProperty("closeAutofillInlineMenu");
+      expect(handlers).toHaveProperty("appendAutofillInlineMenuToDom");
+    });
+  });
+
   describe("isElementInlineMenu", () => {
-    it("returns true if the passed element is the inline menu", () => {
+    it("returns true if the passed element is the inline menu list", () => {
       const element = document.createElement("div");
       autofillInlineMenuContentService["listElement"] = element;
 
       expect(autofillInlineMenuContentService.isElementInlineMenu(element)).toBe(true);
     });
+
+    it("returns true if the passed element is the inline menu button", () => {
+      const element = document.createElement("div");
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["buttonElement"] = element;
+
+      expect(autofillInlineMenuContentService.isElementInlineMenu(element)).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it("returns false if the passed element is not the inline menu", () => {
+      const element = document.createElement("div");
+
+      expect(autofillInlineMenuContentService.isElementInlineMenu(element)).toBe(false);
+    });
   });
 
   describe("extension message handlers", () => {
@@ -388,7 +410,7 @@ describe("AutofillInlineMenuContentService", () => {
     });
 
     it("closes the inline menu if the page body is not sufficiently opaque", async () => {
-      document.querySelector("html").style.opacity = "0.9";
+      document.documentElement.style.opacity = "0.9";
       document.body.style.opacity = "0";
       await autofillInlineMenuContentService["handlePageMutations"]([mockBodyMutationRecord]);
 
@@ -397,7 +419,7 @@ describe("AutofillInlineMenuContentService", () => {
     });
 
     it("closes the inline menu if the page html is not sufficiently opaque", async () => {
-      document.querySelector("html").style.opacity = "0.3";
+      document.documentElement.style.opacity = "0.3";
       document.body.style.opacity = "0.7";
       await autofillInlineMenuContentService["handlePageMutations"]([mockHTMLMutationRecord]);
 
@@ -406,7 +428,7 @@ describe("AutofillInlineMenuContentService", () => {
     });
 
     it("does not close the inline menu if the page html and body is sufficiently opaque", async () => {
-      document.querySelector("html").style.opacity = "0.9";
+      document.documentElement.style.opacity = "0.9";
       document.body.style.opacity = "1";
       await autofillInlineMenuContentService["handlePageMutations"]([mockBodyMutationRecord]);
       await waitForIdleCallback();
@@ -599,5 +621,465 @@ describe("AutofillInlineMenuContentService", () => {
         overlayElement: AutofillOverlayElement.List,
       });
     });
+
+    it("clears the persistent last child override timeout", () => {
+      jest.useFakeTimers();
+      const clearTimeoutSpy = jest.spyOn(globalThis, "clearTimeout");
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["handlePersistentLastChildOverrideTimeout"] = setTimeout(
+        jest.fn(),
+        500,
+      );
+
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService.destroy();
+
+      expect(clearTimeoutSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it("unobserves page attributes", () => {
+      const disconnectSpy = jest.spyOn(
+        autofillInlineMenuContentService["htmlMutationObserver"],
+        "disconnect",
+      );
+
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService.destroy();
+
+      expect(disconnectSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("getOwnedTagNames", () => {
+    it("returns an empty array when no elements are created", () => {
+      expect(autofillInlineMenuContentService.getOwnedTagNames()).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    it("returns the button element tag name", () => {
+      const buttonElement = document.createElement("div");
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["buttonElement"] = buttonElement;
+
+      const tagNames = autofillInlineMenuContentService.getOwnedTagNames();
+
+      expect(tagNames).toContain("DIV");
+    });
+
+    it("returns both button and list element tag names", () => {
+      const buttonElement = document.createElement("div");
+      const listElement = document.createElement("span");
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["buttonElement"] = buttonElement;
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["listElement"] = listElement;
+
+      const tagNames = autofillInlineMenuContentService.getOwnedTagNames();
+
+      expect(tagNames).toEqual(["DIV", "SPAN"]);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("getUnownedTopLayerItems", () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      document.body.innerHTML = "";
+    });
+
+    it("returns the tag names from button and list elements", () => {
+      const buttonElement = document.createElement("div");
+      buttonElement.setAttribute("popover", "manual");
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["buttonElement"] = buttonElement;
+
+      const listElement = document.createElement("span");
+      listElement.setAttribute("popover", "manual");
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["listElement"] = listElement;
+
+      /** Mock querySelectorAll to avoid :modal selector issues in jsdom */
+      const querySelectorAllSpy = jest
+        .spyOn(globalThis.document, "querySelectorAll")
+        .mockReturnValue([] as any);
+
+      const items = autofillInlineMenuContentService.getUnownedTopLayerItems();
+
+      expect(querySelectorAllSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
+      expect(items.length).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    it("calls querySelectorAll with correct selector when includeCandidates is false", () => {
+      /** Mock querySelectorAll to avoid :modal selector issues in jsdom */
+      const querySelectorAllSpy = jest
+        .spyOn(globalThis.document, "querySelectorAll")
+        .mockReturnValue([] as any);
+
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService.getUnownedTopLayerItems(false);
+
+      const calledSelector = querySelectorAllSpy.mock.calls[0][0];
+      expect(calledSelector).toContain(":modal");
+      expect(calledSelector).toContain(":popover-open");
+    });
+
+    it("includes candidates selector when requested", () => {
+      /** Mock querySelectorAll to avoid :modal selector issues in jsdom */
+      const querySelectorAllSpy = jest
+        .spyOn(globalThis.document, "querySelectorAll")
+        .mockReturnValue([] as any);
+
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService.getUnownedTopLayerItems(true);
+
+      const calledSelector = querySelectorAllSpy.mock.calls[0][0];
+      expect(calledSelector).toContain("[popover], dialog");
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("refreshTopLayerPosition", () => {
+    it("does nothing when inline menu is disabled", () => {
+      const getUnownedTopLayerItemsSpy = jest.spyOn(
+        autofillInlineMenuContentService,
+        "getUnownedTopLayerItems",
+      );
+
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["inlineMenuEnabled"] = false;
+      const buttonElement = document.createElement("div");
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["buttonElement"] = buttonElement;
+
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService.refreshTopLayerPosition();
+
+      // Should exit early and not call `getUnownedTopLayerItems`
+      expect(getUnownedTopLayerItemsSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it("does nothing when no other top layer items exist", () => {
+      const buttonElement = document.createElement("div");
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["buttonElement"] = buttonElement;
+      jest
+        .spyOn(autofillInlineMenuContentService, "getUnownedTopLayerItems")
+        .mockReturnValue([] as any);
+
+      const getElementsByTagSpy = jest.spyOn(globalThis.document, "getElementsByTagName");
+
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService.refreshTopLayerPosition();
+
+      // Should exit early and not get inline elements to refresh
+      expect(getElementsByTagSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it("refreshes button popover when button is in document", () => {
+      jest
+        .spyOn(autofillInlineMenuContentService, "getUnownedTopLayerItems")
+        .mockReturnValue([document.createElement("div")] as any);
+
+      const buttonElement = document.createElement("div");
+      buttonElement.setAttribute("popover", "manual");
+      buttonElement.showPopover = jest.fn();
+      buttonElement.hidePopover = jest.fn();
+      document.body.appendChild(buttonElement);
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["buttonElement"] = buttonElement;
+
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService.refreshTopLayerPosition();
+
+      expect(buttonElement.hidePopover).toHaveBeenCalled();
+      expect(buttonElement.showPopover).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it("refreshes list popover when list is in document", () => {
+      jest
+        .spyOn(autofillInlineMenuContentService, "getUnownedTopLayerItems")
+        .mockReturnValue([document.createElement("div")] as any);
+
+      const listElement = document.createElement("div");
+      listElement.setAttribute("popover", "manual");
+      listElement.showPopover = jest.fn();
+      listElement.hidePopover = jest.fn();
+      document.body.appendChild(listElement);
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["listElement"] = listElement;
+
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService.refreshTopLayerPosition();
+
+      expect(listElement.hidePopover).toHaveBeenCalled();
+      expect(listElement.showPopover).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("checkAndUpdateRefreshCount", () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      jest.useFakeTimers();
+      jest.setSystemTime(new Date("2023-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"));
+    });
+
+    afterEach(() => {
+      jest.useRealTimers();
+    });
+
+    it("does nothing when inline menu is disabled", () => {
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["inlineMenuEnabled"] = false;
+
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["checkAndUpdateRefreshCount"]("topLayer");
+
+      expect(autofillInlineMenuContentService["refreshCountWithinTimeThreshold"].topLayer).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    it("increments refresh count when within time threshold", () => {
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["lastTrackedTimestamp"].topLayer = Date.now() - 1000;
+
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["checkAndUpdateRefreshCount"]("topLayer");
+
+      expect(autofillInlineMenuContentService["refreshCountWithinTimeThreshold"].topLayer).toBe(1);
+    });
+
+    it("resets count when outside time threshold", () => {
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["lastTrackedTimestamp"].topLayer = Date.now() - 6000;
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["refreshCountWithinTimeThreshold"].topLayer = 5;
+
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["checkAndUpdateRefreshCount"]("topLayer");
+
+      expect(autofillInlineMenuContentService["refreshCountWithinTimeThreshold"].topLayer).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    it("disables inline menu and shows alert when count exceeds threshold", () => {
+      const alertSpy = jest.spyOn(globalThis.window, "alert").mockImplementation();
+      const checkPageRisksSpy = jest.spyOn(
+        autofillInlineMenuContentService as any,
+        "checkPageRisks",
+      );
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["lastTrackedTimestamp"].topLayer = Date.now() - 1000;
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["refreshCountWithinTimeThreshold"].topLayer = 6;
+
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["checkAndUpdateRefreshCount"]("topLayer");
+
+      expect(autofillInlineMenuContentService["inlineMenuEnabled"]).toBe(false);
+      expect(alertSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
+      expect(checkPageRisksSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("refreshPopoverAttribute", () => {
+    it("calls checkAndUpdateRefreshCount with popoverAttribute type", () => {
+      const checkSpy = jest.spyOn(
+        autofillInlineMenuContentService as any,
+        "checkAndUpdateRefreshCount",
+      );
+      const element = document.createElement("div");
+      element.setAttribute("popover", "auto");
+      element.showPopover = jest.fn();
+
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["refreshPopoverAttribute"](element);
+
+      expect(checkSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith("popoverAttribute");
+      expect(element.getAttribute("popover")).toBe("manual");
+      expect(element.showPopover).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("handleInlineMenuElementMutationObserverUpdate - popover attribute", () => {
+    it("refreshes popover attribute when changed from manual", () => {
+      const element = document.createElement("div");
+      element.setAttribute("popover", "auto");
+      element.showPopover = jest.fn();
+      const refreshSpy = jest.spyOn(
+        autofillInlineMenuContentService as any,
+        "refreshPopoverAttribute",
+      );
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["buttonElement"] = element;
+
+      const mockMutation = createMutationRecordMock({
+        target: element,
+        type: "attributes",
+        attributeName: "popover",
+      });
+
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["handleInlineMenuElementMutationObserverUpdate"]([
+        mockMutation,
+      ]);
+
+      expect(refreshSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(element);
+    });
+
+    it("does not refresh popover attribute when already manual", () => {
+      const element = document.createElement("div");
+      element.setAttribute("popover", "manual");
+      const refreshSpy = jest.spyOn(
+        autofillInlineMenuContentService as any,
+        "refreshPopoverAttribute",
+      );
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["buttonElement"] = element;
+
+      const mockMutation = createMutationRecordMock({
+        target: element,
+        type: "attributes",
+        attributeName: "popover",
+      });
+
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["handleInlineMenuElementMutationObserverUpdate"]([
+        mockMutation,
+      ]);
+
+      expect(refreshSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("appendInlineMenuElements when disabled", () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      observeContainerMutationsSpy.mockImplementation();
+    });
+
+    it("does not append button when inline menu is disabled", async () => {
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["inlineMenuEnabled"] = false;
+      jest.spyOn(globalThis.document.body, "appendChild");
+
+      sendMockExtensionMessage({
+        command: "appendAutofillInlineMenuToDom",
+        overlayElement: AutofillOverlayElement.Button,
+      });
+      await flushPromises();
+
+      expect(globalThis.document.body.appendChild).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it("does not append list when inline menu is disabled", async () => {
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["inlineMenuEnabled"] = false;
+      jest.spyOn(globalThis.document.body, "appendChild");
+
+      sendMockExtensionMessage({
+        command: "appendAutofillInlineMenuToDom",
+        overlayElement: AutofillOverlayElement.List,
+      });
+      await flushPromises();
+
+      expect(globalThis.document.body.appendChild).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("custom element creation for non-Firefox browsers", () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      autofillInlineMenuContentService["isFirefoxBrowser"] = false;
+      observeContainerMutationsSpy.mockImplementation();
+    });
+
+    it("creates a custom element for button in non-Firefox browsers", () => {
+      const definespy = jest.spyOn(globalThis.customElements, "define");
+
+      sendMockExtensionMessage({
+        command: "appendAutofillInlineMenuToDom",
+        overlayElement: AutofillOverlayElement.Button,
+      });
+
+      expect(definespy).toHaveBeenCalled();
+      expect(autofillInlineMenuContentService["buttonElement"]).toBeDefined();
+      expect(autofillInlineMenuContentService["buttonElement"]?.tagName).not.toBe("DIV");
+    });
+
+    it("creates a custom element for list in non-Firefox browsers", () => {
+      const defineSpy = jest.spyOn(globalThis.customElements, "define");
+
+      sendMockExtensionMessage({
+        command: "appendAutofillInlineMenuToDom",
+        overlayElement: AutofillOverlayElement.List,
+      });
+
+      expect(defineSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
+      expect(autofillInlineMenuContentService["listElement"]).toBeDefined();
+      expect(autofillInlineMenuContentService["listElement"]?.tagName).not.toBe("DIV");
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("getPageIsOpaque", () => {
+    it("returns false when no page elements exist", () => {
+      jest.spyOn(globalThis.document, "querySelectorAll").mockReturnValue([] as any);
+
+      const result = autofillInlineMenuContentService["getPageIsOpaque"]();
+
+      expect(result).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it("returns true when all html and body nodes have sufficient opacity", () => {
+      jest
+        .spyOn(globalThis.document, "querySelectorAll")
+        .mockReturnValue([document.documentElement, document.body] as any);
+      jest
+        .spyOn(globalThis.window, "getComputedStyle")
+        .mockImplementation(() => ({ opacity: "1" }) as CSSStyleDeclaration);
+
+      const result = autofillInlineMenuContentService["getPageIsOpaque"]();
+
+      expect(result).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it("returns false when html opacity is below threshold", () => {
+      jest
+        .spyOn(globalThis.document, "querySelectorAll")
+        .mockReturnValue([document.documentElement, document.body] as any);
+      let callCount = 0;
+      jest.spyOn(globalThis.window, "getComputedStyle").mockImplementation(() => {
+        callCount++;
+        return { opacity: callCount === 1 ? "0.5" : "1" } as CSSStyleDeclaration;
+      });
+
+      const result = autofillInlineMenuContentService["getPageIsOpaque"]();
+
+      expect(result).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it("returns false when body opacity is below threshold", () => {
+      jest
+        .spyOn(globalThis.document, "querySelectorAll")
+        .mockReturnValue([document.documentElement, document.body] as any);
+      let callCount = 0;
+      jest.spyOn(globalThis.window, "getComputedStyle").mockImplementation(() => {
+        callCount++;
+        return { opacity: callCount === 1 ? "1" : "0.5" } as CSSStyleDeclaration;
+      });
+
+      const result = autofillInlineMenuContentService["getPageIsOpaque"]();
+
+      expect(result).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it("returns false when opacity of at least one duplicate body is below threshold", () => {
+      const duplicateBody = document.createElement("body");
+      jest
+        .spyOn(globalThis.document, "querySelectorAll")
+        .mockReturnValue([document.documentElement, document.body, duplicateBody] as any);
+      let callCount = 0;
+      jest.spyOn(globalThis.window, "getComputedStyle").mockImplementation(() => {
+        callCount++;
+
+        let opacityValue = "0.5";
+        switch (callCount) {
+          case 1:
+            opacityValue = "1";
+            break;
+          case 2:
+            opacityValue = "0.7";
+            break;
+          default:
+            break;
+        }
+
+        return { opacity: opacityValue } as CSSStyleDeclaration;
+      });
+
+      const result = autofillInlineMenuContentService["getPageIsOpaque"]();
+
+      expect(result).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it("returns true when opacity is above threshold", () => {
+      jest
+        .spyOn(globalThis.document, "querySelectorAll")
+        .mockReturnValue([document.documentElement, document.body] as any);
+      jest
+        .spyOn(globalThis.window, "getComputedStyle")
+        .mockImplementation(() => ({ opacity: "0.7" }) as CSSStyleDeclaration);
+
+      const result = autofillInlineMenuContentService["getPageIsOpaque"]();
+
+      expect(result).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it("returns false when opacity is at threshold", () => {
+      jest
+        .spyOn(globalThis.document, "querySelectorAll")
+        .mockReturnValue([document.documentElement, document.body] as any);
+      jest
+        .spyOn(globalThis.window, "getComputedStyle")
+        .mockImplementation(() => ({ opacity: "0.6" }) as CSSStyleDeclaration);
+
+      const result = autofillInlineMenuContentService["getPageIsOpaque"]();
+
+      expect(result).toBe(false);
+    });
   });
 });

apps/browser/src/autofill/overlay/inline-menu/content/autofill-inline-menu-content.service.ts

@@ -22,6 +22,19 @@ import {
 import { AutofillInlineMenuButtonIframe } from "../iframe-content/autofill-inline-menu-button-iframe";
 import { AutofillInlineMenuListIframe } from "../iframe-content/autofill-inline-menu-list-iframe";
 
+const experienceValidationBackoffThresholds = {
+  topLayer: {
+    countLimit: 5,
+    timeSpanLimit: 5000,
+  },
+  popoverAttribute: {
+    countLimit: 10,
+    timeSpanLimit: 5000,
+  },
+};
+
+type BackoffCheckType = keyof typeof experienceValidationBackoffThresholds;
+
 export class AutofillInlineMenuContentService implements AutofillInlineMenuContentServiceInterface {
   private readonly sendExtensionMessage = sendExtensionMessage;
   private readonly generateRandomCustomElementName = generateRandomCustomElementName;
@@ -35,6 +48,19 @@ export class AutofillInlineMenuContentService implements AutofillInlineMenuConte
   private bodyMutationObserver: MutationObserver;
   private inlineMenuElementsMutationObserver: MutationObserver;
   private containerElementMutationObserver: MutationObserver;
+  private refreshCountWithinTimeThreshold: { [key in BackoffCheckType]: number } = {
+    topLayer: 0,
+    popoverAttribute: 0,
+  };
+  private lastTrackedTimestamp = {
+    topLayer: Date.now(),
+    popoverAttribute: Date.now(),
+  };
+  /**
+   * Distinct from preventing inline menu script injection, this is for cases
+   * where the page is subsequently determined to be risky.
+   */
+  private inlineMenuEnabled = true;
   private mutationObserverIterations = 0;
   private mutationObserverIterationsResetTimeout: number | NodeJS.Timeout;
   private handlePersistentLastChildOverrideTimeout: number | NodeJS.Timeout;
@@ -140,6 +166,10 @@ export class AutofillInlineMenuContentService implements AutofillInlineMenuConte
    * Updates the position of both the inline menu button and inline menu list.
    */
   private async appendInlineMenuElements({ overlayElement }: AutofillExtensionMessage) {
+    if (!this.inlineMenuEnabled) {
+      return;
+    }
+
     if (overlayElement === AutofillOverlayElement.Button) {
       return this.appendButtonElement();
     }
@@ -151,6 +181,10 @@ export class AutofillInlineMenuContentService implements AutofillInlineMenuConte
    * Updates the position of the inline menu button.
    */
   private async appendButtonElement(): Promise<void> {
+    if (!this.inlineMenuEnabled) {
+      return;
+    }
+
     if (!this.buttonElement) {
       this.createButtonElement();
       this.updateCustomElementDefaultStyles(this.buttonElement);
@@ -167,6 +201,10 @@ export class AutofillInlineMenuContentService implements AutofillInlineMenuConte
    * Updates the position of the inline menu list.
    */
   private async appendListElement(): Promise<void> {
+    if (!this.inlineMenuEnabled) {
+      return;
+    }
+
     if (!this.listElement) {
       this.createListElement();
       this.updateCustomElementDefaultStyles(this.listElement);
@@ -219,6 +257,10 @@ export class AutofillInlineMenuContentService implements AutofillInlineMenuConte
    * to create the element if it already exists in the DOM.
    */
   private createButtonElement() {
+    if (!this.inlineMenuEnabled) {
+      return;
+    }
+
     if (this.isFirefoxBrowser) {
       this.buttonElement = globalThis.document.createElement("div");
       this.buttonElement.setAttribute("popover", "manual");
@@ -247,6 +289,10 @@ export class AutofillInlineMenuContentService implements AutofillInlineMenuConte
    * to create the element if it already exists in the DOM.
    */
   private createListElement() {
+    if (!this.inlineMenuEnabled) {
+      return;
+    }
+
     if (this.isFirefoxBrowser) {
       this.listElement = globalThis.document.createElement("div");
       this.listElement.setAttribute("popover", "manual");
@@ -381,14 +427,23 @@ export class AutofillInlineMenuContentService implements AutofillInlineMenuConte
       }
 
       const element = record.target as HTMLElement;
-      if (record.attributeName !== "style") {
+      if (record.attributeName === "popover" && this.inlineMenuEnabled) {
-        this.removeModifiedElementAttributes(element);
+        const attributeValue = element.getAttribute(record.attributeName);
+        if (attributeValue !== "manual") {
+          this.refreshPopoverAttribute(element);
+        }
 
         continue;
       }
 
+      if (record.attributeName === "style") {
         element.removeAttribute("style");
         this.updateCustomElementDefaultStyles(element);
+
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      this.removeModifiedElementAttributes(element);
     }
   };
 
@@ -402,7 +457,7 @@ export class AutofillInlineMenuContentService implements AutofillInlineMenuConte
     const attributes = Array.from(element.attributes);
     for (let attributeIndex = 0; attributeIndex < attributes.length; attributeIndex++) {
       const attribute = attributes[attributeIndex];
-      if (attribute.name === "style") {
+      if (attribute.name === "style" || attribute.name === "popover") {
         continue;
       }
 
@@ -432,7 +487,7 @@ export class AutofillInlineMenuContentService implements AutofillInlineMenuConte
   private checkPageRisks = async () => {
     const pageIsOpaque = await this.getPageIsOpaque();
 
-    const risksFound = !pageIsOpaque;
+    const risksFound = !pageIsOpaque || !this.inlineMenuEnabled;
 
     if (risksFound) {
       this.closeInlineMenu();
@@ -483,7 +538,49 @@ export class AutofillInlineMenuContentService implements AutofillInlineMenuConte
     return otherTopLayeritems;
   };
 
+  /**
+   * Internally track owned injected experience refreshes as a side-effect
+   * of host page interference.
+   */
+  private checkAndUpdateRefreshCount = (countType: BackoffCheckType) => {
+    if (!this.inlineMenuEnabled) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const { countLimit, timeSpanLimit } = experienceValidationBackoffThresholds[countType];
+    const now = Date.now();
+    const timeSinceLastTrackedRefresh = now - this.lastTrackedTimestamp[countType];
+    const currentlyWithinTimeThreshold = timeSinceLastTrackedRefresh <= timeSpanLimit;
+    const withinCountThreshold = this.refreshCountWithinTimeThreshold[countType] <= countLimit;
+
+    if (currentlyWithinTimeThreshold) {
+      if (withinCountThreshold) {
+        this.refreshCountWithinTimeThreshold[countType]++;
+      } else {
+        // Set inline menu to be off; page is aggressively trying to take top position of top layer
+        this.inlineMenuEnabled = false;
+        void this.checkPageRisks();
+
+        const warningMessage = chrome.i18n.getMessage("topLayerHijackWarning");
+        globalThis.window.alert(warningMessage);
+      }
+    } else {
+      this.lastTrackedTimestamp[countType] = now;
+      this.refreshCountWithinTimeThreshold[countType] = 0;
+    }
+  };
+
+  private refreshPopoverAttribute = (element: HTMLElement) => {
+    this.checkAndUpdateRefreshCount("popoverAttribute");
+    element.setAttribute("popover", "manual");
+    element.showPopover();
+  };
+
   refreshTopLayerPosition = () => {
+    if (!this.inlineMenuEnabled) {
+      return;
+    }
+
     const otherTopLayerItems = this.getUnownedTopLayerItems();
 
     // No need to refresh if there are no other top-layer items
@@ -497,6 +594,7 @@ export class AutofillInlineMenuContentService implements AutofillInlineMenuConte
     const listInDocument =
       this.listElement &&
       (globalThis.document.getElementsByTagName(this.listElement.tagName)[0] as HTMLElement);
+
     if (buttonInDocument) {
       buttonInDocument.hidePopover();
       buttonInDocument.showPopover();
@@ -506,6 +604,10 @@ export class AutofillInlineMenuContentService implements AutofillInlineMenuConte
       listInDocument.hidePopover();
       listInDocument.showPopover();
     }
+
+    if (buttonInDocument || listInDocument) {
+      this.checkAndUpdateRefreshCount("topLayer");
+    }
   };
 
   /**
@@ -515,24 +617,28 @@ export class AutofillInlineMenuContentService implements AutofillInlineMenuConte
    * `body` (enforced elsewhere).
    */
   private getPageIsOpaque = () => {
-    // These are computed style values, so we don't need to worry about non-float values
-    // for `opacity`, here
     // @TODO for definitive checks, traverse up the node tree from the inline menu container;
     // nodes can exist between `html` and `body`
-    const htmlElement = globalThis.document.querySelector("html");
+    /**
-    const bodyElement = globalThis.document.querySelector("body");
+     * `querySelectorAll` for (non-standard) cases where the page has additional copies of
+     * page nodes that should be unique
+     */
+    const pageElements = globalThis.document.querySelectorAll("html, body");
 
-    if (!htmlElement || !bodyElement) {
+    if (!pageElements.length) {
       return false;
     }
 
-    const htmlOpacity = globalThis.window.getComputedStyle(htmlElement)?.opacity || "0";
+    return [...pageElements].every((element) => {
-    const bodyOpacity = globalThis.window.getComputedStyle(bodyElement)?.opacity || "0";
+      // These are computed style values, so we don't need to worry about non-float values
+      // for `opacity`, here
+      const elementOpacity = globalThis.window.getComputedStyle(element)?.opacity || "0";
 
       // Any value above this is considered "opaque" for our purposes
       const opacityThreshold = 0.6;
 
-    return parseFloat(htmlOpacity) > opacityThreshold && parseFloat(bodyOpacity) > opacityThreshold;
+      return parseFloat(elementOpacity) > opacityThreshold;
+    });
   };
 
   /**