diff --git a/libs/common/src/services/api.service.spec.ts b/libs/common/src/services/api.service.spec.ts
index 1fb8f86697f..d8a3d350da4 100644
--- a/libs/common/src/services/api.service.spec.ts
+++ b/libs/common/src/services/api.service.spec.ts
@@ -447,4 +447,464 @@ describe("ApiService", () => {
     ).rejects.toThrow(InsecureUrlNotAllowedError);
     expect(nativeFetch).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
+
+  it("retries request with refreshed token when initial request with access token returns 401", async () => {
+    environmentService.getEnvironment$.calledWith(testActiveUser).mockReturnValue(
+      of({
+        getApiUrl: () => "https://example.com",
+        getIdentityUrl: () => "https://identity.example.com",
+      } satisfies Partial<Environment> as Environment),
+    );
+
+    httpOperations.createRequest.mockImplementation((url, request) => {
+      return {
+        url: url,
+        cache: request.cache,
+        credentials: request.credentials,
+        method: request.method,
+        mode: request.mode,
+        signal: request.signal,
+        headers: new Headers(request.headers),
+      } satisfies Partial<Request> as unknown as Request;
+    });
+    tokenService.getAccessToken.calledWith(testActiveUser).mockResolvedValue("expired_token");
+    tokenService.tokenNeedsRefresh.calledWith(testActiveUser).mockResolvedValue(false);
+
+    tokenService.getRefreshToken
+      .calledWith(testActiveUser)
+      .mockResolvedValue("valid_refresh_token");
+
+    tokenService.decodeAccessToken
+      .calledWith(testActiveUser)
+      .mockResolvedValue({ client_id: "web" });
+
+    tokenService.decodeAccessToken
+      .calledWith("new_access_token")
+      .mockResolvedValue({ sub: testActiveUser });
+
+    vaultTimeoutSettingsService.getVaultTimeoutActionByUserId$
+      .calledWith(testActiveUser)
+      .mockReturnValue(of(VaultTimeoutAction.Lock));
+
+    vaultTimeoutSettingsService.getVaultTimeoutByUserId$
+      .calledWith(testActiveUser)
+      .mockReturnValue(of(VaultTimeoutStringType.Never));
+
+    tokenService.setTokens
+      .calledWith(
+        "new_access_token",
+        VaultTimeoutAction.Lock,
+        VaultTimeoutStringType.Never,
+        "new_refresh_token",
+      )
+      .mockResolvedValue({ accessToken: "refreshed_access_token" });
+
+    const nativeFetch = jest.fn<Promise<Response>, [request: Request]>();
+    let callCount = 0;
+
+    nativeFetch.mockImplementation((request) => {
+      callCount++;
+
+      // First call: initial request with expired token returns 401
+      if (callCount === 1) {
+        return Promise.resolve({
+          ok: false,
+          status: 401,
+          json: () => Promise.resolve({ message: "Unauthorized" }),
+          headers: new Headers({
+            "content-type": "application/json",
+          }),
+        } satisfies Partial<Response> as Response);
+      }
+
+      // Second call: token refresh request
+      if (callCount === 2 && request.url.includes("identity")) {
+        return Promise.resolve({
+          ok: true,
+          status: 200,
+          json: () =>
+            Promise.resolve({
+              access_token: "new_access_token",
+              token_type: "Bearer",
+              refresh_token: "new_refresh_token",
+            }),
+        } satisfies Partial<Response> as Response);
+      }
+
+      // Third call: retry with refreshed token succeeds
+      if (callCount === 3) {
+        expect(request.headers.get("Authorization")).toBe("Bearer refreshed_access_token");
+        return Promise.resolve({
+          ok: true,
+          status: 200,
+          json: () => Promise.resolve({ data: "success" }),
+          headers: new Headers({
+            "content-type": "application/json",
+          }),
+        } satisfies Partial<Response> as Response);
+      }
+
+      throw new Error("Unexpected call");
+    });
+
+    sut.nativeFetch = nativeFetch;
+
+    const response = await sut.send("GET", "/something", null, true, true, null, null);
+
+    expect(nativeFetch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
+    expect(response).toEqual({ data: "success" });
+  });
+
+  it("does not retry when request has no access token and returns 401", async () => {
+    environmentService.environment$ = of({
+      getApiUrl: () => "https://example.com",
+    } satisfies Partial<Environment> as Environment);
+
+    httpOperations.createRequest.mockImplementation((url, request) => {
+      return {
+        url: url,
+        cache: request.cache,
+        credentials: request.credentials,
+        method: request.method,
+        mode: request.mode,
+        signal: request.signal,
+        headers: new Headers(request.headers),
+      } satisfies Partial<Request> as unknown as Request;
+    });
+
+    const nativeFetch = jest.fn<Promise<Response>, [request: Request]>();
+
+    nativeFetch.mockImplementation((request) => {
+      return Promise.resolve({
+        ok: false,
+        status: 401,
+        json: () => Promise.resolve({ message: "Unauthorized" }),
+        headers: new Headers({
+          "content-type": "application/json",
+        }),
+      } satisfies Partial<Response> as Response);
+    });
+
+    sut.nativeFetch = nativeFetch;
+
+    await expect(
+      async () => await sut.send("GET", "/something", null, false, true, null, null),
+    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ message: "Unauthorized" });
+
+    // Should only be called once (no retry)
+    expect(nativeFetch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it("does not retry when request returns non-401 error", async () => {
+    environmentService.getEnvironment$.calledWith(testActiveUser).mockReturnValue(
+      of({
+        getApiUrl: () => "https://example.com",
+        getIdentityUrl: () => "https://identity.example.com",
+      } satisfies Partial<Environment> as Environment),
+    );
+
+    httpOperations.createRequest.mockImplementation((url, request) => {
+      return {
+        url: url,
+        cache: request.cache,
+        credentials: request.credentials,
+        method: request.method,
+        mode: request.mode,
+        signal: request.signal,
+        headers: new Headers(request.headers),
+      } satisfies Partial<Request> as unknown as Request;
+    });
+
+    tokenService.getAccessToken.calledWith(testActiveUser).mockResolvedValue("valid_token");
+    tokenService.tokenNeedsRefresh.calledWith(testActiveUser).mockResolvedValue(false);
+
+    const nativeFetch = jest.fn<Promise<Response>, [request: Request]>();
+
+    nativeFetch.mockImplementation((request) => {
+      return Promise.resolve({
+        ok: false,
+        status: 400,
+        json: () => Promise.resolve({ message: "Bad Request" }),
+        headers: new Headers({
+          "content-type": "application/json",
+        }),
+      } satisfies Partial<Response> as Response);
+    });
+
+    sut.nativeFetch = nativeFetch;
+
+    await expect(
+      async () => await sut.send("GET", "/something", null, true, true, null, null),
+    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ message: "Bad Request" });
+
+    // Should only be called once (no retry for non-401 errors)
+    expect(nativeFetch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it("does not retry when hasResponse is false", async () => {
+    environmentService.environment$ = of({
+      getApiUrl: () => "https://example.com",
+    } satisfies Partial<Environment> as Environment);
+
+    environmentService.getEnvironment$.calledWith(testActiveUser).mockReturnValue(
+      of({
+        getApiUrl: () => "https://example.com",
+        getIdentityUrl: () => "https://identity.example.com",
+      } satisfies Partial<Environment> as Environment),
+    );
+
+    httpOperations.createRequest.mockImplementation((url, request) => {
+      return {
+        url: url,
+        cache: request.cache,
+        credentials: request.credentials,
+        method: request.method,
+        mode: request.mode,
+        signal: request.signal,
+        headers: new Headers(request.headers),
+      } satisfies Partial<Request> as unknown as Request;
+    });
+
+    tokenService.getAccessToken.calledWith(testActiveUser).mockResolvedValue("expired_token");
+    tokenService.tokenNeedsRefresh.calledWith(testActiveUser).mockResolvedValue(false);
+
+    const nativeFetch = jest.fn<Promise<Response>, [request: Request]>();
+
+    nativeFetch.mockImplementation((request) => {
+      return Promise.resolve({
+        ok: false,
+        status: 401,
+        json: () => Promise.resolve({ message: "Unauthorized" }),
+        headers: new Headers({
+          "content-type": "application/json",
+        }),
+      } satisfies Partial<Response> as Response);
+    });
+
+    sut.nativeFetch = nativeFetch;
+
+    // When hasResponse is false, the method should throw even though no retry happens
+    await expect(
+      async () => await sut.send("POST", "/something", null, true, false, null, null),
+    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ message: "Unauthorized" });
+
+    // Should only be called once (no retry when hasResponse is false)
+    expect(nativeFetch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it("throws error when retry also returns 401", async () => {
+    environmentService.getEnvironment$.calledWith(testActiveUser).mockReturnValue(
+      of({
+        getApiUrl: () => "https://example.com",
+        getIdentityUrl: () => "https://identity.example.com",
+      } satisfies Partial<Environment> as Environment),
+    );
+
+    httpOperations.createRequest.mockImplementation((url, request) => {
+      return {
+        url: url,
+        cache: request.cache,
+        credentials: request.credentials,
+        method: request.method,
+        mode: request.mode,
+        signal: request.signal,
+        headers: new Headers(request.headers),
+      } satisfies Partial<Request> as unknown as Request;
+    });
+
+    tokenService.getAccessToken.calledWith(testActiveUser).mockResolvedValue("expired_token");
+    tokenService.tokenNeedsRefresh.calledWith(testActiveUser).mockResolvedValue(false);
+
+    tokenService.getRefreshToken
+      .calledWith(testActiveUser)
+      .mockResolvedValue("valid_refresh_token");
+
+    tokenService.decodeAccessToken
+      .calledWith(testActiveUser)
+      .mockResolvedValue({ client_id: "web" });
+
+    tokenService.decodeAccessToken
+      .calledWith("new_access_token")
+      .mockResolvedValue({ sub: testActiveUser });
+
+    vaultTimeoutSettingsService.getVaultTimeoutActionByUserId$
+      .calledWith(testActiveUser)
+      .mockReturnValue(of(VaultTimeoutAction.Lock));
+
+    vaultTimeoutSettingsService.getVaultTimeoutByUserId$
+      .calledWith(testActiveUser)
+      .mockReturnValue(of(VaultTimeoutStringType.Never));
+
+    tokenService.setTokens
+      .calledWith(
+        "new_access_token",
+        VaultTimeoutAction.Lock,
+        VaultTimeoutStringType.Never,
+        "new_refresh_token",
+      )
+      .mockResolvedValue({ accessToken: "refreshed_access_token" });
+
+    const nativeFetch = jest.fn<Promise<Response>, [request: Request]>();
+    let callCount = 0;
+
+    nativeFetch.mockImplementation((request) => {
+      callCount++;
+
+      // First call: initial request with expired token returns 401
+      if (callCount === 1) {
+        return Promise.resolve({
+          ok: false,
+          status: 401,
+          json: () => Promise.resolve({ message: "Unauthorized" }),
+          headers: new Headers({
+            "content-type": "application/json",
+          }),
+        } satisfies Partial<Response> as Response);
+      }
+
+      // Second call: token refresh request
+      if (callCount === 2 && request.url.includes("identity")) {
+        return Promise.resolve({
+          ok: true,
+          status: 200,
+          json: () =>
+            Promise.resolve({
+              access_token: "new_access_token",
+              token_type: "Bearer",
+              refresh_token: "new_refresh_token",
+            }),
+        } satisfies Partial<Response> as Response);
+      }
+
+      // Third call: retry with refreshed token still returns 401 (user no longer has permission)
+      if (callCount === 3) {
+        return Promise.resolve({
+          ok: false,
+          status: 401,
+          json: () => Promise.resolve({ message: "Still Unauthorized" }),
+          headers: new Headers({
+            "content-type": "application/json",
+          }),
+        } satisfies Partial<Response> as Response);
+      }
+
+      throw new Error("Unexpected call");
+    });
+
+    sut.nativeFetch = nativeFetch;
+
+    await expect(
+      async () => await sut.send("GET", "/something", null, true, true, null, null),
+    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ message: "Still Unauthorized" });
+
+    expect(nativeFetch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
+    expect(logoutCallback).toHaveBeenCalledWith("sessionExpired");
+  });
+
+  it("retries with refreshed token for inactive user when 401 received", async () => {
+    tokenService.getAccessToken
+      .calledWith(testInactiveUser)
+      .mockResolvedValue("inactive_expired_token");
+    tokenService.tokenNeedsRefresh.calledWith(testInactiveUser).mockResolvedValue(false);
+
+    tokenService.getRefreshToken
+      .calledWith(testInactiveUser)
+      .mockResolvedValue("inactive_refresh_token");
+
+    tokenService.decodeAccessToken
+      .calledWith(testInactiveUser)
+      .mockResolvedValue({ client_id: "web" });
+
+    tokenService.decodeAccessToken
+      .calledWith("inactive_new_access_token")
+      .mockResolvedValue({ sub: testInactiveUser });
+
+    vaultTimeoutSettingsService.getVaultTimeoutActionByUserId$
+      .calledWith(testInactiveUser)
+      .mockReturnValue(of(VaultTimeoutAction.Lock));
+
+    vaultTimeoutSettingsService.getVaultTimeoutByUserId$
+      .calledWith(testInactiveUser)
+      .mockReturnValue(of(VaultTimeoutStringType.Never));
+
+    tokenService.setTokens
+      .calledWith(
+        "inactive_new_access_token",
+        VaultTimeoutAction.Lock,
+        VaultTimeoutStringType.Never,
+        "inactive_new_refresh_token",
+      )
+      .mockResolvedValue({ accessToken: "inactive_refreshed_access_token" });
+
+    environmentService.getEnvironment$.calledWith(testInactiveUser).mockReturnValue(
+      of({
+        getApiUrl: () => "https://inactive.example.com",
+        getIdentityUrl: () => "https://identity.inactive.example.com",
+      } satisfies Partial<Environment> as Environment),
+    );
+
+    httpOperations.createRequest.mockImplementation((url, request) => {
+      return {
+        url: url,
+        cache: request.cache,
+        credentials: request.credentials,
+        method: request.method,
+        mode: request.mode,
+        signal: request.signal,
+        headers: new Headers(request.headers),
+      } satisfies Partial<Request> as unknown as Request;
+    });
+
+    const nativeFetch = jest.fn<Promise<Response>, [request: Request]>();
+    let callCount = 0;
+
+    nativeFetch.mockImplementation((request) => {
+      callCount++;
+
+      if (callCount === 1) {
+        return Promise.resolve({
+          ok: false,
+          status: 401,
+          json: () => Promise.resolve({ message: "Unauthorized" }),
+          headers: new Headers({
+            "content-type": "application/json",
+          }),
+        } satisfies Partial<Response> as Response);
+      }
+
+      if (callCount === 2 && request.url.includes("identity")) {
+        return Promise.resolve({
+          ok: true,
+          status: 200,
+          json: () =>
+            Promise.resolve({
+              access_token: "inactive_new_access_token",
+              token_type: "Bearer",
+              refresh_token: "inactive_new_refresh_token",
+            }),
+        } satisfies Partial<Response> as Response);
+      }
+
+      if (callCount === 3) {
+        expect(request.headers.get("Authorization")).toBe("Bearer inactive_refreshed_access_token");
+        return Promise.resolve({
+          ok: true,
+          status: 200,
+          json: () => Promise.resolve({ data: "inactive user success" }),
+          headers: new Headers({
+            "content-type": "application/json",
+          }),
+        } satisfies Partial<Response> as Response);
+      }
+
+      throw new Error("Unexpected call");
+    });
+
+    sut.nativeFetch = nativeFetch;
+
+    const response = await sut.send("GET", "/something", null, testInactiveUser, true, null, null);
+
+    expect(nativeFetch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
+    expect(response).toEqual({ data: "inactive user success" });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/libs/common/src/services/api.service.ts b/libs/common/src/services/api.service.ts
index 8314e44e75f..7b99a685bbf 100644
--- a/libs/common/src/services/api.service.ts
+++ b/libs/common/src/services/api.service.ts
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ import { BillingHistoryResponse } from "../billing/models/response/billing-histo
 import { PaymentResponse } from "../billing/models/response/payment.response";
 import { PlanResponse } from "../billing/models/response/plan.response";
 import { SubscriptionResponse } from "../billing/models/response/subscription.response";
-import { ClientType, DeviceType } from "../enums";
+import { ClientType, DeviceType, HttpStatusCode } from "../enums";
 import { KeyConnectorUserKeyRequest } from "../key-management/key-connector/models/key-connector-user-key.request";
 import { SetKeyConnectorKeyRequest } from "../key-management/key-connector/models/set-key-connector-key.request";
 import { VaultTimeoutSettingsService } from "../key-management/vault-timeout";
@@ -1246,8 +1246,8 @@ export class ApiService implements ApiServiceAbstraction {
       }),
     );
 
-    if (response.status !== 200) {
-      const error = await this.handleError(response, false, true);
+    if (response.status !== HttpStatusCode.Ok) {
+      const error = await this.handleApiRequestError(response, true);
       return Promise.reject(error);
     }
 
@@ -1277,8 +1277,8 @@ export class ApiService implements ApiServiceAbstraction {
       }),
     );
 
-    if (response.status !== 200) {
-      const error = await this.handleError(response, false, true);
+    if (response.status !== HttpStatusCode.Ok) {
+      const error = await this.handleApiRequestError(response, true);
       return Promise.reject(error);
     }
   }
@@ -1295,15 +1295,22 @@ export class ApiService implements ApiServiceAbstraction {
       }),
     );
 
-    if (response.status !== 200) {
-      const error = await this.handleError(response, false, true);
+    if (response.status !== HttpStatusCode.Ok) {
+      const error = await this.handleApiRequestError(response, true);
       return Promise.reject(error);
     }
   }
 
   // Helpers
 
-  async getActiveBearerToken(userId: UserId): Promise<string> {
+  /**
+   * Retrieves the bearer access token for the user, or `null` if no token exists.
+   * If the access token is expired or within 5 minutes of expiration, attemps to refresh the token
+   * and persists the refresh token to state before returning it.
+   * @param userId The user for whom we're retrieving the access token
+   * @returns The access token, or `null` if none exists for the `userId` provided.
+   */
+  async getActiveBearerToken(userId: UserId): Promise<string | null> {
     let accessToken = await this.tokenService.getAccessToken(userId);
     if (await this.tokenService.tokenNeedsRefresh(userId)) {
       accessToken = await this.refreshToken(userId);
@@ -1359,7 +1366,7 @@ export class ApiService implements ApiServiceAbstraction {
       const body = await response.json();
       return new SsoPreValidateResponse(body);
     } else {
-      const error = await this.handleError(response, false, true);
+      const error = await this.handleApiRequestError(response, false);
       return Promise.reject(error);
     }
   }
@@ -1514,7 +1521,7 @@ export class ApiService implements ApiServiceAbstraction {
       );
       return refreshedTokens.accessToken;
     } else {
-      const error = await this.handleError(response, true, true);
+      const error = await this.handleTokenRefreshRequestError(response);
       return Promise.reject(error);
     }
   }
@@ -1569,6 +1576,68 @@ export class ApiService implements ApiServiceAbstraction {
     apiUrl?: string | null,
     alterHeaders?: (headers: Headers) => void,
   ): Promise<any> {
+    const userId = await this.getUserIdForRequest(authedOrUserId);
+
+    const environment = await firstValueFrom(
+      userId == null
+        ? this.environmentService.environment$
+        : this.environmentService.getEnvironment$(userId),
+    );
+    apiUrl = Utils.isNullOrWhitespace(apiUrl) ? environment.getApiUrl() : apiUrl;
+
+    // Prevent directory traversal from malicious paths
+    const pathParts = path.split("?");
+    const requestUrl =
+      apiUrl + Utils.normalizePath(pathParts[0]) + (pathParts.length > 1 ? `?${pathParts[1]}` : "");
+
+    const accessToken = await this.getActiveBearerToken(userId);
+
+    let request = await this.buildRequest(
+      method,
+      accessToken,
+      environment,
+      hasResponse,
+      body,
+      alterHeaders,
+    );
+    let response = await this.fetch(this.httpOperations.createRequest(requestUrl, request));
+
+    // First, check to see if we were making an authenticated request and received an Unauthorized (401)
+    // response.  This could mean that we attempted to make a request with an expired access token.
+    // If so, attempt to refresh the token and try again.
+    if (hasResponse && accessToken != null && response.status === HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized) {
+      const refreshedToken = await this.refreshAccessToken(userId);
+      request = await this.buildRequest(
+        method,
+        refreshedToken,
+        environment,
+        hasResponse,
+        body,
+        alterHeaders,
+      );
+      response = await this.fetch(this.httpOperations.createRequest(requestUrl, request));
+    }
+
+    // At this point we are processing either the initial response or the response for the retry with the refreshed
+    // access token.
+    const responseType = response.headers.get("content-type");
+    const responseIsJson = responseType != null && responseType.indexOf("application/json") !== -1;
+    const responseIsCsv = responseType != null && responseType.indexOf("text/csv") !== -1;
+    if (hasResponse && response.status === HttpStatusCode.Ok && responseIsJson) {
+      const responseJson = await response.json();
+      return responseJson;
+    } else if (hasResponse && response.status === HttpStatusCode.Ok && responseIsCsv) {
+      return await response.text();
+    } else if (
+      response.status !== HttpStatusCode.Ok &&
+      response.status !== HttpStatusCode.NoContent
+    ) {
+      const error = await this.handleApiRequestError(response, userId != null);
+      return Promise.reject(error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async getUserIdForRequest(authedOrUserId: UserId | boolean): Promise<UserId> {
     if (authedOrUserId == null) {
       throw new Error("A user id was given but it was null, cannot complete API request.");
     }
@@ -1580,21 +1649,19 @@ export class ApiService implements ApiServiceAbstraction {
     } else if (typeof authedOrUserId === "string") {
       userId = authedOrUserId;
     }
+    return userId;
+  }
 
-    const env = await firstValueFrom(
-      userId == null
-        ? this.environmentService.environment$
-        : this.environmentService.getEnvironment$(userId),
-    );
-    apiUrl = Utils.isNullOrWhitespace(apiUrl) ? env.getApiUrl() : apiUrl;
-
-    // Prevent directory traversal from malicious paths
-    const pathParts = path.split("?");
-    const requestUrl =
-      apiUrl + Utils.normalizePath(pathParts[0]) + (pathParts.length > 1 ? `?${pathParts[1]}` : "");
-
+  private async buildRequest(
+    method: "GET" | "POST" | "PUT" | "DELETE" | "PATCH",
+    accessToken: string | null,
+    environment: Environment,
+    hasResponse: boolean,
+    body: string,
+    alterHeaders?: (headers: Headers) => void,
+  ): Promise<RequestInit> {
     const [requestHeaders, requestBody] = await this.buildHeadersAndBody(
-      userId,
+      accessToken,
       hasResponse,
       body,
       alterHeaders,
@@ -1602,29 +1669,17 @@ export class ApiService implements ApiServiceAbstraction {
 
     const requestInit: RequestInit = {
       cache: "no-store",
-      credentials: await this.getCredentials(env),
+      credentials: await this.getCredentials(environment),
       method: method,
     };
     requestInit.headers = requestHeaders;
     requestInit.body = requestBody;
-    const response = await this.fetch(this.httpOperations.createRequest(requestUrl, requestInit));
 
-    const responseType = response.headers.get("content-type");
-    const responseIsJson = responseType != null && responseType.indexOf("application/json") !== -1;
-    const responseIsCsv = responseType != null && responseType.indexOf("text/csv") !== -1;
-    if (hasResponse && response.status === 200 && responseIsJson) {
-      const responseJson = await response.json();
-      return responseJson;
-    } else if (hasResponse && response.status === 200 && responseIsCsv) {
-      return await response.text();
-    } else if (response.status !== 200 && response.status !== 204) {
-      const error = await this.handleError(response, false, userId != null);
-      return Promise.reject(error);
-    }
+    return requestInit;
   }
 
   private async buildHeadersAndBody(
-    userToAuthenticate: UserId | null,
+    bearerAuthenticationToken: string | null,
     hasResponse: boolean,
     body: any,
     alterHeaders: (headers: Headers) => void,
@@ -1646,9 +1701,8 @@ export class ApiService implements ApiServiceAbstraction {
     if (alterHeaders != null) {
       alterHeaders(headers);
     }
-    if (userToAuthenticate != null) {
-      const authHeader = await this.getActiveBearerToken(userToAuthenticate);
-      headers.set("Authorization", "Bearer " + authHeader);
+    if (bearerAuthenticationToken != null) {
+      headers.set("Authorization", "Bearer " + bearerAuthenticationToken);
     } else {
       // For unauthenticated requests, we need to tell the server what the device is for flag targeting,
       // since it won't be able to get it from the access token.
@@ -1673,32 +1727,66 @@ export class ApiService implements ApiServiceAbstraction {
     return [headers, requestBody];
   }
 
-  private async handleError(
+  /**
+   * Handle an error response from a request to the Bitwarden API.
+   * If the request is made with an access token (aka the user is authenticated),
+   * and we receive a 401 or 403 response, we will log the user out, as this indicates
+   * that the access token used on the request is either expired or does not have the appropriate permissions.
+   * It is unlikely that it is expired, as we attempt to refresh the token on initial failure.
+   * @param response The response from the API request
+   * @param userIsAuthenticated A boolean indicating whether this is an authenticated request.
+   * @returns An ErrorResponse with a message based on the response status.
+   */
+  private async handleApiRequestError(
     response: Response,
-    tokenError: boolean,
-    authed: boolean,
+    userIsAuthenticated: boolean,
   ): Promise<ErrorResponse> {
+    const responseJson = await this.getJsonResponse(response);
+
+    if (
+      userIsAuthenticated &&
+      (response.status === HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized ||
+        response.status === HttpStatusCode.Forbidden)
+    ) {
+      await this.logoutCallback("sessionExpired");
+    }
+
+    return new ErrorResponse(responseJson, response.status);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle an error response when trying to refresh an access token.
+   * If the error indicates that the user's session has expired, it will log the user out.
+   * @param response The response from the token refresh request.
+   * @returns An ErrorResponse with a message based on the response status.
+   */
+  private async handleTokenRefreshRequestError(response: Response): Promise<ErrorResponse> {
+    const responseJson = await this.getJsonResponse(response);
+
+    // IdentityServer will return an invalid_grant response if the refresh token has expired.
+    // This means that the user's session has expired, and they need to log out.
+    // We issue the logoutCallback() to log the user out through messaging.
+    if (
+      response.status === HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized ||
+      response.status === HttpStatusCode.Forbidden ||
+      (response.status === HttpStatusCode.BadRequest &&
+        responseJson != null &&
+        responseJson.error === "invalid_grant")
+    ) {
+      await this.logoutCallback("sessionExpired");
+    }
+
+    return new ErrorResponse(responseJson, response.status, true);
+  }
+
+  private async getJsonResponse(response: Response): Promise<any> {
     let responseJson: any = null;
     if (this.isJsonResponse(response)) {
       responseJson = await response.json();
     } else if (this.isTextPlainResponse(response)) {
       responseJson = { Message: await response.text() };
     }
-
-    if (authed) {
-      if (
-        response.status === 401 ||
-        response.status === 403 ||
-        (tokenError &&
-          response.status === 400 &&
-          responseJson != null &&
-          responseJson.error === "invalid_grant")
-      ) {
-        await this.logoutCallback("invalidGrantError");
-      }
-    }
-
-    return new ErrorResponse(responseJson, response.status, tokenError);
+    return responseJson;
   }
 
   private qsStringify(params: any): string {