feat(auth): [PM-13659] implement 2FA timeout handling across clients

Add timeout state management for two-factor authentication flows in web, desktop,
and browser extension clients. Includes:

- New timeout screen component with 5-minute session limit
- Updated UI elements and styling
- Comprehensive test coverage

Refs: PM-13659

apps/web/src/locales/en/messages.json

@@ -1137,6 +1137,12 @@
   "logInToBitwarden": {
     "message": "Log in to Bitwarden"
   },
+  "authenticationTimeout": {
+    "message": "Authentication timeout"
+  },
+  "authenticationSessionTimedOut": {
+    "message": "The authentication session timed out. Please restart the login process."
+  },
   "verifyIdentity": {
     "message": "Verify your Identity"
   },