Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/main' into dbops/dbops-31/csv-import

test/Api.Test/Billing/Controllers/AccountsControllerTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,800 @@
+using System.Security.Claims;
+using Bit.Api.Billing.Controllers;
+using Bit.Core;
+using Bit.Core.Auth.UserFeatures.TwoFactorAuth.Interfaces;
+using Bit.Core.Billing.Constants;
+using Bit.Core.Billing.Models.Business;
+using Bit.Core.Entities;
+using Bit.Core.Enums;
+using Bit.Core.KeyManagement.Queries.Interfaces;
+using Bit.Core.Models.Business;
+using Bit.Core.Services;
+using Bit.Core.Settings;
+using Bit.Core.Test.AutoFixture;
+using Bit.Test.Common.AutoFixture.Attributes;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
+using NSubstitute;
+using Stripe;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Bit.Api.Test.Billing.Controllers;
+
+[SubscriptionInfoCustomize]
+public class AccountsControllerTests : IDisposable
+{
+    private const string TestMilestone2CouponId = StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount;
+
+    private readonly IUserService _userService;
+    private readonly IFeatureService _featureService;
+    private readonly IPaymentService _paymentService;
+    private readonly ITwoFactorIsEnabledQuery _twoFactorIsEnabledQuery;
+    private readonly IUserAccountKeysQuery _userAccountKeysQuery;
+    private readonly GlobalSettings _globalSettings;
+    private readonly AccountsController _sut;
+
+    public AccountsControllerTests()
+    {
+        _userService = Substitute.For<IUserService>();
+        _featureService = Substitute.For<IFeatureService>();
+        _paymentService = Substitute.For<IPaymentService>();
+        _twoFactorIsEnabledQuery = Substitute.For<ITwoFactorIsEnabledQuery>();
+        _userAccountKeysQuery = Substitute.For<IUserAccountKeysQuery>();
+        _globalSettings = new GlobalSettings { SelfHosted = false };
+
+        _sut = new AccountsController(
+            _userService,
+            _twoFactorIsEnabledQuery,
+            _userAccountKeysQuery,
+            _featureService
+        );
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        _sut?.Dispose();
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_WhenFeatureFlagEnabled_IncludesDiscount(
+        User user,
+        SubscriptionInfo subscriptionInfo,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        subscriptionInfo.CustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+        {
+            Id = TestMilestone2CouponId,
+            Active = true,
+            PercentOff = 20m,
+            AmountOff = null,
+            AppliesTo = new List<string> { "product1" }
+        };
+
+        var claimsPrincipal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity());
+        _sut.ControllerContext = new ControllerContext
+        {
+            HttpContext = new DefaultHttpContext { User = claimsPrincipal }
+        };
+        _userService.GetUserByPrincipalAsync(Arg.Any<ClaimsPrincipal>()).Returns(user);
+        _featureService.IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.PM23341_Milestone_2).Returns(true);
+        _paymentService.GetSubscriptionAsync(user).Returns(subscriptionInfo);
+        _userService.GenerateLicenseAsync(user, subscriptionInfo).Returns(license);
+
+        user.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe; // User has payment gateway
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await _sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(_globalSettings, _paymentService);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.NotNull(result);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount);
+        Assert.Equal(StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount, result.CustomerDiscount.Id);
+        Assert.Equal(20m, result.CustomerDiscount.PercentOff);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_WhenFeatureFlagDisabled_ExcludesDiscount(
+        User user,
+        SubscriptionInfo subscriptionInfo,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        subscriptionInfo.CustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+        {
+            Id = TestMilestone2CouponId,
+            Active = true,
+            PercentOff = 20m,
+            AmountOff = null,
+            AppliesTo = new List<string> { "product1" }
+        };
+
+        var claimsPrincipal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity());
+        _sut.ControllerContext = new ControllerContext
+        {
+            HttpContext = new DefaultHttpContext { User = claimsPrincipal }
+        };
+        _userService.GetUserByPrincipalAsync(Arg.Any<ClaimsPrincipal>()).Returns(user);
+        _featureService.IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.PM23341_Milestone_2).Returns(false);
+        _paymentService.GetSubscriptionAsync(user).Returns(subscriptionInfo);
+        _userService.GenerateLicenseAsync(user, subscriptionInfo).Returns(license);
+
+        user.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe; // User has payment gateway
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await _sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(_globalSettings, _paymentService);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.NotNull(result);
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount); // Should be null when feature flag is disabled
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_WithNonMatchingCouponId_ExcludesDiscount(
+        User user,
+        SubscriptionInfo subscriptionInfo,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        subscriptionInfo.CustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+        {
+            Id = "different-coupon-id", // Non-matching coupon ID
+            Active = true,
+            PercentOff = 20m,
+            AmountOff = null,
+            AppliesTo = new List<string> { "product1" }
+        };
+
+        var claimsPrincipal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity());
+        _sut.ControllerContext = new ControllerContext
+        {
+            HttpContext = new DefaultHttpContext { User = claimsPrincipal }
+        };
+        _userService.GetUserByPrincipalAsync(Arg.Any<ClaimsPrincipal>()).Returns(user);
+        _featureService.IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.PM23341_Milestone_2).Returns(true);
+        _paymentService.GetSubscriptionAsync(user).Returns(subscriptionInfo);
+        _userService.GenerateLicenseAsync(user, subscriptionInfo).Returns(license);
+
+        user.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe; // User has payment gateway
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await _sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(_globalSettings, _paymentService);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.NotNull(result);
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount); // Should be null when coupon ID doesn't match
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_WhenSelfHosted_ReturnsBasicResponse(User user)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var selfHostedSettings = new GlobalSettings { SelfHosted = true };
+        var claimsPrincipal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity());
+        _sut.ControllerContext = new ControllerContext
+        {
+            HttpContext = new DefaultHttpContext { User = claimsPrincipal }
+        };
+        _userService.GetUserByPrincipalAsync(Arg.Any<ClaimsPrincipal>()).Returns(user);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await _sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(selfHostedSettings, _paymentService);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.NotNull(result);
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount);
+        await _paymentService.DidNotReceive().GetSubscriptionAsync(Arg.Any<User>());
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_WhenNoGateway_ExcludesDiscount(User user, UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        user.Gateway = null; // No gateway configured
+        var claimsPrincipal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity());
+        _sut.ControllerContext = new ControllerContext
+        {
+            HttpContext = new DefaultHttpContext { User = claimsPrincipal }
+        };
+        _userService.GetUserByPrincipalAsync(Arg.Any<ClaimsPrincipal>()).Returns(user);
+        _userService.GenerateLicenseAsync(user).Returns(license);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await _sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(_globalSettings, _paymentService);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.NotNull(result);
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount); // Should be null when no gateway
+        await _paymentService.DidNotReceive().GetSubscriptionAsync(Arg.Any<User>());
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_WithInactiveDiscount_ExcludesDiscount(
+        User user,
+        SubscriptionInfo subscriptionInfo,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        subscriptionInfo.CustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+        {
+            Id = TestMilestone2CouponId,
+            Active = false, // Inactive discount
+            PercentOff = 20m,
+            AmountOff = null,
+            AppliesTo = new List<string> { "product1" }
+        };
+
+        var claimsPrincipal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity());
+        _sut.ControllerContext = new ControllerContext
+        {
+            HttpContext = new DefaultHttpContext { User = claimsPrincipal }
+        };
+        _userService.GetUserByPrincipalAsync(Arg.Any<ClaimsPrincipal>()).Returns(user);
+        _featureService.IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.PM23341_Milestone_2).Returns(true);
+        _paymentService.GetSubscriptionAsync(user).Returns(subscriptionInfo);
+        _userService.GenerateLicenseAsync(user, subscriptionInfo).Returns(license);
+
+        user.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe; // User has payment gateway
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await _sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(_globalSettings, _paymentService);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.NotNull(result);
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount); // Should be null when discount is inactive
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_FullPipeline_ConvertsStripeDiscountToApiResponse(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Create a Stripe Discount object with real structure
+        var stripeDiscount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = TestMilestone2CouponId,
+                PercentOff = 25m,
+                AmountOff = 1400, // 1400 cents = $14.00
+                AppliesTo = new CouponAppliesTo
+                {
+                    Products = new List<string> { "prod_premium", "prod_families" }
+                }
+            },
+            End = null // Active discount
+        };
+
+        // Convert Stripe Discount to BillingCustomerDiscount (simulating what StripePaymentService does)
+        var billingDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(stripeDiscount);
+
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            CustomerDiscount = billingDiscount
+        };
+
+        var claimsPrincipal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity());
+        _sut.ControllerContext = new ControllerContext
+        {
+            HttpContext = new DefaultHttpContext { User = claimsPrincipal }
+        };
+        _userService.GetUserByPrincipalAsync(Arg.Any<ClaimsPrincipal>()).Returns(user);
+        _featureService.IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.PM23341_Milestone_2).Returns(true);
+        _paymentService.GetSubscriptionAsync(user).Returns(subscriptionInfo);
+        _userService.GenerateLicenseAsync(user, subscriptionInfo).Returns(license);
+
+        user.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe;
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await _sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(_globalSettings, _paymentService);
+
+        // Assert - Verify full pipeline conversion
+        Assert.NotNull(result);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount);
+
+        // Verify Stripe data correctly converted to API response
+        Assert.Equal(StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount, result.CustomerDiscount.Id);
+        Assert.True(result.CustomerDiscount.Active);
+        Assert.Equal(25m, result.CustomerDiscount.PercentOff);
+
+        // Verify cents-to-dollars conversion (1400 cents -> $14.00)
+        Assert.Equal(14.00m, result.CustomerDiscount.AmountOff);
+
+        // Verify AppliesTo products are preserved
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount.AppliesTo);
+        Assert.Equal(2, result.CustomerDiscount.AppliesTo.Count());
+        Assert.Contains("prod_premium", result.CustomerDiscount.AppliesTo);
+        Assert.Contains("prod_families", result.CustomerDiscount.AppliesTo);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_FullPipeline_WithFeatureFlagToggle_ControlsVisibility(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Create Stripe Discount
+        var stripeDiscount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = TestMilestone2CouponId,
+                PercentOff = 20m
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        var billingDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(stripeDiscount);
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            CustomerDiscount = billingDiscount
+        };
+
+        var claimsPrincipal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity());
+        _sut.ControllerContext = new ControllerContext
+        {
+            HttpContext = new DefaultHttpContext { User = claimsPrincipal }
+        };
+        _userService.GetUserByPrincipalAsync(Arg.Any<ClaimsPrincipal>()).Returns(user);
+        _paymentService.GetSubscriptionAsync(user).Returns(subscriptionInfo);
+        _userService.GenerateLicenseAsync(user, subscriptionInfo).Returns(license);
+        user.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe;
+
+        // Act & Assert - Feature flag ENABLED
+        _featureService.IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.PM23341_Milestone_2).Returns(true);
+        var resultWithFlag = await _sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(_globalSettings, _paymentService);
+        Assert.NotNull(resultWithFlag.CustomerDiscount);
+
+        // Act & Assert - Feature flag DISABLED
+        _featureService.IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.PM23341_Milestone_2).Returns(false);
+        var resultWithoutFlag = await _sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(_globalSettings, _paymentService);
+        Assert.Null(resultWithoutFlag.CustomerDiscount);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_IntegrationTest_CompletePipelineFromStripeToApiResponse(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Create a real Stripe Discount object as it would come from Stripe API
+        var stripeDiscount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = TestMilestone2CouponId,
+                PercentOff = 30m,
+                AmountOff = 2000, // 2000 cents = $20.00
+                AppliesTo = new CouponAppliesTo
+                {
+                    Products = new List<string> { "prod_premium", "prod_families", "prod_teams" }
+                }
+            },
+            End = null // Active discount (no end date)
+        };
+
+        // Step 1: Map Stripe Discount through SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+        // This simulates what StripePaymentService.GetSubscriptionAsync does
+        var billingCustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(stripeDiscount);
+
+        // Verify the mapping worked correctly
+        Assert.Equal(TestMilestone2CouponId, billingCustomerDiscount.Id);
+        Assert.True(billingCustomerDiscount.Active);
+        Assert.Equal(30m, billingCustomerDiscount.PercentOff);
+        Assert.Equal(20.00m, billingCustomerDiscount.AmountOff); // Converted from cents
+        Assert.NotNull(billingCustomerDiscount.AppliesTo);
+        Assert.Equal(3, billingCustomerDiscount.AppliesTo.Count);
+
+        // Step 2: Create SubscriptionInfo with the mapped discount
+        // This simulates what StripePaymentService returns
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            CustomerDiscount = billingCustomerDiscount
+        };
+
+        // Step 3: Set up controller dependencies
+        var claimsPrincipal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity());
+        _sut.ControllerContext = new ControllerContext
+        {
+            HttpContext = new DefaultHttpContext { User = claimsPrincipal }
+        };
+        _userService.GetUserByPrincipalAsync(Arg.Any<ClaimsPrincipal>()).Returns(user);
+        _featureService.IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.PM23341_Milestone_2).Returns(true);
+        _paymentService.GetSubscriptionAsync(user).Returns(subscriptionInfo);
+        _userService.GenerateLicenseAsync(user, subscriptionInfo).Returns(license);
+        user.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe;
+
+        // Act - Step 4: Call AccountsController.GetSubscriptionAsync
+        // This exercises the complete pipeline:
+        // - Retrieves subscriptionInfo from paymentService (with discount from Stripe)
+        // - Maps through SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount (already done above)
+        // - Filters in SubscriptionResponseModel constructor (based on feature flag, coupon ID, active status)
+        // - Returns via AccountsController
+        var result = await _sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(_globalSettings, _paymentService);
+
+        // Assert - Verify the complete pipeline worked end-to-end
+        Assert.NotNull(result);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount);
+
+        // Verify Stripe Discount → SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount mapping
+        // (verified above, but confirming it made it through)
+
+        // Verify SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount → SubscriptionResponseModel.BillingCustomerDiscount filtering
+        // The filter should pass because:
+        // - includeMilestone2Discount = true (feature flag enabled)
+        // - subscription.CustomerDiscount != null
+        // - subscription.CustomerDiscount.Id == Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount
+        // - subscription.CustomerDiscount.Active = true
+        Assert.Equal(TestMilestone2CouponId, result.CustomerDiscount.Id);
+        Assert.True(result.CustomerDiscount.Active);
+        Assert.Equal(30m, result.CustomerDiscount.PercentOff);
+        Assert.Equal(20.00m, result.CustomerDiscount.AmountOff); // Verify cents-to-dollars conversion
+
+        // Verify AppliesTo products are preserved through the entire pipeline
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount.AppliesTo);
+        Assert.Equal(3, result.CustomerDiscount.AppliesTo.Count());
+        Assert.Contains("prod_premium", result.CustomerDiscount.AppliesTo);
+        Assert.Contains("prod_families", result.CustomerDiscount.AppliesTo);
+        Assert.Contains("prod_teams", result.CustomerDiscount.AppliesTo);
+
+        // Verify the payment service was called correctly
+        await _paymentService.Received(1).GetSubscriptionAsync(user);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_IntegrationTest_MultipleDiscountsInSubscription_PrefersCustomerDiscount(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Create Stripe subscription with multiple discounts
+        // Customer discount should be preferred over subscription discounts
+        var customerDiscount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = TestMilestone2CouponId,
+                PercentOff = 30m,
+                AmountOff = null
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        var subscriptionDiscount1 = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = "other-coupon-1",
+                PercentOff = 10m
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        var subscriptionDiscount2 = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = "other-coupon-2",
+                PercentOff = 15m
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        // Map through SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+        var billingCustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(customerDiscount);
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            CustomerDiscount = billingCustomerDiscount
+        };
+
+        var claimsPrincipal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity());
+        _sut.ControllerContext = new ControllerContext
+        {
+            HttpContext = new DefaultHttpContext { User = claimsPrincipal }
+        };
+        _userService.GetUserByPrincipalAsync(Arg.Any<ClaimsPrincipal>()).Returns(user);
+        _featureService.IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.PM23341_Milestone_2).Returns(true);
+        _paymentService.GetSubscriptionAsync(user).Returns(subscriptionInfo);
+        _userService.GenerateLicenseAsync(user, subscriptionInfo).Returns(license);
+        user.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe;
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await _sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(_globalSettings, _paymentService);
+
+        // Assert - Should use customer discount, not subscription discounts
+        Assert.NotNull(result);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount);
+        Assert.Equal(TestMilestone2CouponId, result.CustomerDiscount.Id);
+        Assert.Equal(30m, result.CustomerDiscount.PercentOff);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_IntegrationTest_BothPercentOffAndAmountOffPresent_HandlesEdgeCase(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Edge case: Stripe coupon with both PercentOff and AmountOff
+        // This tests the scenario mentioned in BillingCustomerDiscountTests.cs line 212-232
+        var stripeDiscount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = TestMilestone2CouponId,
+                PercentOff = 25m,
+                AmountOff = 2000, // 2000 cents = $20.00
+                AppliesTo = new CouponAppliesTo
+                {
+                    Products = new List<string> { "prod_premium" }
+                }
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        // Map through SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+        var billingCustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(stripeDiscount);
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            CustomerDiscount = billingCustomerDiscount
+        };
+
+        var claimsPrincipal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity());
+        _sut.ControllerContext = new ControllerContext
+        {
+            HttpContext = new DefaultHttpContext { User = claimsPrincipal }
+        };
+        _userService.GetUserByPrincipalAsync(Arg.Any<ClaimsPrincipal>()).Returns(user);
+        _featureService.IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.PM23341_Milestone_2).Returns(true);
+        _paymentService.GetSubscriptionAsync(user).Returns(subscriptionInfo);
+        _userService.GenerateLicenseAsync(user, subscriptionInfo).Returns(license);
+        user.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe;
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await _sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(_globalSettings, _paymentService);
+
+        // Assert - Both values should be preserved through the pipeline
+        Assert.NotNull(result);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount);
+        Assert.Equal(TestMilestone2CouponId, result.CustomerDiscount.Id);
+        Assert.Equal(25m, result.CustomerDiscount.PercentOff);
+        Assert.Equal(20.00m, result.CustomerDiscount.AmountOff); // Converted from cents
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_IntegrationTest_BillingSubscriptionMapsThroughPipeline(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Create Stripe subscription with subscription details
+        var stripeSubscription = new Subscription
+        {
+            Id = "sub_test123",
+            Status = "active",
+            TrialStart = DateTime.UtcNow.AddDays(-30),
+            TrialEnd = DateTime.UtcNow.AddDays(-20),
+            CanceledAt = null,
+            CancelAtPeriodEnd = false,
+            CollectionMethod = "charge_automatically"
+        };
+
+        // Map through SubscriptionInfo.BillingSubscription
+        var billingSubscription = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingSubscription(stripeSubscription);
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            Subscription = billingSubscription,
+            CustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+            {
+                Id = TestMilestone2CouponId,
+                Active = true,
+                PercentOff = 20m
+            }
+        };
+
+        var claimsPrincipal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity());
+        _sut.ControllerContext = new ControllerContext
+        {
+            HttpContext = new DefaultHttpContext { User = claimsPrincipal }
+        };
+        _userService.GetUserByPrincipalAsync(Arg.Any<ClaimsPrincipal>()).Returns(user);
+        _featureService.IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.PM23341_Milestone_2).Returns(true);
+        _paymentService.GetSubscriptionAsync(user).Returns(subscriptionInfo);
+        _userService.GenerateLicenseAsync(user, subscriptionInfo).Returns(license);
+        user.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe;
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await _sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(_globalSettings, _paymentService);
+
+        // Assert - Verify BillingSubscription mapped through pipeline
+        Assert.NotNull(result);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.Subscription);
+        Assert.Equal("active", result.Subscription.Status);
+        Assert.Equal(14, result.Subscription.GracePeriod); // charge_automatically = 14 days
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_IntegrationTest_BillingUpcomingInvoiceMapsThroughPipeline(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Create Stripe invoice for upcoming invoice
+        var stripeInvoice = new Invoice
+        {
+            AmountDue = 2000, // 2000 cents = $20.00
+            Created = DateTime.UtcNow.AddDays(1)
+        };
+
+        // Map through SubscriptionInfo.BillingUpcomingInvoice
+        var billingUpcomingInvoice = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingUpcomingInvoice(stripeInvoice);
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            UpcomingInvoice = billingUpcomingInvoice,
+            CustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+            {
+                Id = TestMilestone2CouponId,
+                Active = true,
+                PercentOff = 20m
+            }
+        };
+
+        var claimsPrincipal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity());
+        _sut.ControllerContext = new ControllerContext
+        {
+            HttpContext = new DefaultHttpContext { User = claimsPrincipal }
+        };
+        _userService.GetUserByPrincipalAsync(Arg.Any<ClaimsPrincipal>()).Returns(user);
+        _featureService.IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.PM23341_Milestone_2).Returns(true);
+        _paymentService.GetSubscriptionAsync(user).Returns(subscriptionInfo);
+        _userService.GenerateLicenseAsync(user, subscriptionInfo).Returns(license);
+        user.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe;
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await _sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(_globalSettings, _paymentService);
+
+        // Assert - Verify BillingUpcomingInvoice mapped through pipeline
+        Assert.NotNull(result);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.UpcomingInvoice);
+        Assert.Equal(20.00m, result.UpcomingInvoice.Amount); // Converted from cents
+        Assert.NotNull(result.UpcomingInvoice.Date);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_IntegrationTest_CompletePipelineWithAllComponents(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Complete Stripe objects for full pipeline test
+        var stripeDiscount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = TestMilestone2CouponId,
+                PercentOff = 20m,
+                AmountOff = 1000, // $10.00
+                AppliesTo = new CouponAppliesTo
+                {
+                    Products = new List<string> { "prod_premium", "prod_families" }
+                }
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        var stripeSubscription = new Subscription
+        {
+            Id = "sub_test123",
+            Status = "active",
+            CollectionMethod = "charge_automatically"
+        };
+
+        var stripeInvoice = new Invoice
+        {
+            AmountDue = 1500, // $15.00
+            Created = DateTime.UtcNow.AddDays(7)
+        };
+
+        // Map through SubscriptionInfo (simulating StripePaymentService)
+        var billingCustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(stripeDiscount);
+        var billingSubscription = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingSubscription(stripeSubscription);
+        var billingUpcomingInvoice = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingUpcomingInvoice(stripeInvoice);
+
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            CustomerDiscount = billingCustomerDiscount,
+            Subscription = billingSubscription,
+            UpcomingInvoice = billingUpcomingInvoice
+        };
+
+        var claimsPrincipal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity());
+        _sut.ControllerContext = new ControllerContext
+        {
+            HttpContext = new DefaultHttpContext { User = claimsPrincipal }
+        };
+        _userService.GetUserByPrincipalAsync(Arg.Any<ClaimsPrincipal>()).Returns(user);
+        _featureService.IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.PM23341_Milestone_2).Returns(true);
+        _paymentService.GetSubscriptionAsync(user).Returns(subscriptionInfo);
+        _userService.GenerateLicenseAsync(user, subscriptionInfo).Returns(license);
+        user.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe;
+
+        // Act - Full pipeline: Stripe → SubscriptionInfo → SubscriptionResponseModel → API response
+        var result = await _sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(_globalSettings, _paymentService);
+
+        // Assert - Verify all components mapped correctly through the pipeline
+        Assert.NotNull(result);
+
+        // Verify discount
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount);
+        Assert.Equal(TestMilestone2CouponId, result.CustomerDiscount.Id);
+        Assert.Equal(20m, result.CustomerDiscount.PercentOff);
+        Assert.Equal(10.00m, result.CustomerDiscount.AmountOff);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount.AppliesTo);
+        Assert.Equal(2, result.CustomerDiscount.AppliesTo.Count());
+
+        // Verify subscription
+        Assert.NotNull(result.Subscription);
+        Assert.Equal("active", result.Subscription.Status);
+        Assert.Equal(14, result.Subscription.GracePeriod);
+
+        // Verify upcoming invoice
+        Assert.NotNull(result.UpcomingInvoice);
+        Assert.Equal(15.00m, result.UpcomingInvoice.Amount);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.UpcomingInvoice.Date);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_SelfHosted_WithDiscountFlagEnabled_NeverIncludesDiscount(User user)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Self-hosted user with discount flag enabled (should still return null)
+        var selfHostedSettings = new GlobalSettings { SelfHosted = true };
+        var claimsPrincipal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity());
+        _sut.ControllerContext = new ControllerContext
+        {
+            HttpContext = new DefaultHttpContext { User = claimsPrincipal }
+        };
+        _userService.GetUserByPrincipalAsync(Arg.Any<ClaimsPrincipal>()).Returns(user);
+        _featureService.IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.PM23341_Milestone_2).Returns(true); // Flag enabled
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await _sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(selfHostedSettings, _paymentService);
+
+        // Assert - Should never include discount for self-hosted, even with flag enabled
+        Assert.NotNull(result);
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount);
+        await _paymentService.DidNotReceive().GetSubscriptionAsync(Arg.Any<User>());
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_NullGateway_WithDiscountFlagEnabled_NeverIncludesDiscount(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange - User with null gateway and discount flag enabled (should still return null)
+        user.Gateway = null; // No gateway configured
+        var claimsPrincipal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity());
+        _sut.ControllerContext = new ControllerContext
+        {
+            HttpContext = new DefaultHttpContext { User = claimsPrincipal }
+        };
+        _userService.GetUserByPrincipalAsync(Arg.Any<ClaimsPrincipal>()).Returns(user);
+        _userService.GenerateLicenseAsync(user).Returns(license);
+        _featureService.IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.PM23341_Milestone_2).Returns(true); // Flag enabled
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await _sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(_globalSettings, _paymentService);
+
+        // Assert - Should never include discount when no gateway, even with flag enabled
+        Assert.NotNull(result);
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount);
+        await _paymentService.DidNotReceive().GetSubscriptionAsync(Arg.Any<User>());
+    }
+}

test/Api.Test/Models/Response/SubscriptionResponseModelTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+using Bit.Api.Models.Response;
+using Bit.Core.Billing.Constants;
+using Bit.Core.Billing.Models.Business;
+using Bit.Core.Entities;
+using Bit.Core.Models.Business;
+using Bit.Test.Common.AutoFixture.Attributes;
+using Stripe;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Bit.Api.Test.Models.Response;
+
+public class SubscriptionResponseModelTests
+{
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_IncludeMilestone2DiscountTrueMatchingCouponId_ReturnsDiscount(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            CustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+            {
+                Id = StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount, // Matching coupon ID
+                Active = true,
+                PercentOff = 20m,
+                AmountOff = null,
+                AppliesTo = new List<string> { "product1" }
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionResponseModel(user, subscriptionInfo, license, includeMilestone2Discount: true);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount);
+        Assert.Equal(StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount, result.CustomerDiscount.Id);
+        Assert.True(result.CustomerDiscount.Active);
+        Assert.Equal(20m, result.CustomerDiscount.PercentOff);
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount.AmountOff);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount.AppliesTo);
+        Assert.Single(result.CustomerDiscount.AppliesTo);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_IncludeMilestone2DiscountTrueNonMatchingCouponId_ReturnsNull(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            CustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+            {
+                Id = "different-coupon-id", // Non-matching coupon ID
+                Active = true,
+                PercentOff = 20m,
+                AmountOff = null,
+                AppliesTo = new List<string> { "product1" }
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionResponseModel(user, subscriptionInfo, license, includeMilestone2Discount: true);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_IncludeMilestone2DiscountFalseMatchingCouponId_ReturnsNull(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            CustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+            {
+                Id = StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount, // Matching coupon ID
+                Active = true,
+                PercentOff = 20m,
+                AmountOff = null,
+                AppliesTo = new List<string> { "product1" }
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionResponseModel(user, subscriptionInfo, license, includeMilestone2Discount: false);
+
+        // Assert - Should be null because includeMilestone2Discount is false
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_NullCustomerDiscount_ReturnsNull(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            CustomerDiscount = null
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionResponseModel(user, subscriptionInfo, license, includeMilestone2Discount: true);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_AmountOffDiscountMatchingCouponId_ReturnsDiscount(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            CustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+            {
+                Id = StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount,
+                Active = true,
+                PercentOff = null,
+                AmountOff = 14.00m, // Already converted from cents in BillingCustomerDiscount
+                AppliesTo = new List<string>()
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionResponseModel(user, subscriptionInfo, license, includeMilestone2Discount: true);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount);
+        Assert.Equal(StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount, result.CustomerDiscount.Id);
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount.PercentOff);
+        Assert.Equal(14.00m, result.CustomerDiscount.AmountOff);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_DefaultIncludeMilestone2DiscountParameter_ReturnsNull(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            CustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+            {
+                Id = StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount,
+                Active = true,
+                PercentOff = 20m
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Act - Using default parameter (includeMilestone2Discount defaults to false)
+        var result = new SubscriptionResponseModel(user, subscriptionInfo, license);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_NullDiscountIdIncludeMilestone2DiscountTrue_ReturnsNull(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            CustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+            {
+                Id = null, // Null discount ID
+                Active = true,
+                PercentOff = 20m,
+                AmountOff = null,
+                AppliesTo = new List<string> { "product1" }
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionResponseModel(user, subscriptionInfo, license, includeMilestone2Discount: true);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_MatchingCouponIdInactiveDiscount_ReturnsNull(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            CustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+            {
+                Id = StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount, // Matching coupon ID
+                Active = false, // Inactive discount
+                PercentOff = 20m,
+                AmountOff = null,
+                AppliesTo = new List<string> { "product1" }
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionResponseModel(user, subscriptionInfo, license, includeMilestone2Discount: true);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_UserOnly_SetsBasicProperties(User user)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        user.Storage = 5368709120; // 5 GB in bytes
+        user.MaxStorageGb = (short)10;
+        user.PremiumExpirationDate = DateTime.UtcNow.AddMonths(12);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionResponseModel(user);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.NotNull(result.StorageName);
+        Assert.Equal(5.0, result.StorageGb);
+        Assert.Equal((short)10, result.MaxStorageGb);
+        Assert.Equal(user.PremiumExpirationDate, result.Expiration);
+        Assert.Null(result.License);
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_UserAndLicense_IncludesLicense(User user, UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        user.Storage = 1073741824; // 1 GB in bytes
+        user.MaxStorageGb = (short)5;
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionResponseModel(user, license);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.NotNull(result.License);
+        Assert.Equal(license, result.License);
+        Assert.Equal(1.0, result.StorageGb);
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_NullStorage_SetsStorageToZero(User user)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        user.Storage = null;
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionResponseModel(user);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Null(result.StorageName);
+        Assert.Equal(0, result.StorageGb);
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_NullLicense_ExcludesLicense(User user)
+    {
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionResponseModel(user, null);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Null(result.License);
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_BothPercentOffAndAmountOffPresent_HandlesEdgeCase(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Edge case: Both PercentOff and AmountOff present
+        // This tests the scenario where Stripe coupon has both discount types
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            CustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+            {
+                Id = StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount,
+                Active = true,
+                PercentOff = 25m,
+                AmountOff = 20.00m, // Already converted from cents
+                AppliesTo = new List<string> { "prod_premium" }
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionResponseModel(user, subscriptionInfo, license, includeMilestone2Discount: true);
+
+        // Assert - Both values should be preserved
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount);
+        Assert.Equal(StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount, result.CustomerDiscount.Id);
+        Assert.Equal(25m, result.CustomerDiscount.PercentOff);
+        Assert.Equal(20.00m, result.CustomerDiscount.AmountOff);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount.AppliesTo);
+        Assert.Single(result.CustomerDiscount.AppliesTo);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_WithSubscriptionAndInvoice_MapsAllProperties(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Test with Subscription, UpcomingInvoice, and CustomerDiscount
+        var stripeSubscription = new Subscription
+        {
+            Id = "sub_test123",
+            Status = "active",
+            CollectionMethod = "charge_automatically"
+        };
+
+        var stripeInvoice = new Invoice
+        {
+            AmountDue = 1500, // 1500 cents = $15.00
+            Created = DateTime.UtcNow.AddDays(7)
+        };
+
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            Subscription = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingSubscription(stripeSubscription),
+            UpcomingInvoice = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingUpcomingInvoice(stripeInvoice),
+            CustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+            {
+                Id = StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount,
+                Active = true,
+                PercentOff = 20m,
+                AmountOff = null,
+                AppliesTo = new List<string> { "prod_premium" }
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionResponseModel(user, subscriptionInfo, license, includeMilestone2Discount: true);
+
+        // Assert - Verify all properties are mapped correctly
+        Assert.NotNull(result.Subscription);
+        Assert.Equal("active", result.Subscription.Status);
+        Assert.Equal(14, result.Subscription.GracePeriod); // charge_automatically = 14 days
+
+        Assert.NotNull(result.UpcomingInvoice);
+        Assert.Equal(15.00m, result.UpcomingInvoice.Amount);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.UpcomingInvoice.Date);
+
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount);
+        Assert.Equal(StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount, result.CustomerDiscount.Id);
+        Assert.True(result.CustomerDiscount.Active);
+        Assert.Equal(20m, result.CustomerDiscount.PercentOff);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_WithNullSubscriptionAndInvoice_HandlesNullsGracefully(
+        User user,
+        UserLicense license)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Test with null Subscription and UpcomingInvoice
+        var subscriptionInfo = new SubscriptionInfo
+        {
+            Subscription = null,
+            UpcomingInvoice = null,
+            CustomerDiscount = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount
+            {
+                Id = StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount,
+                Active = true,
+                PercentOff = 20m
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionResponseModel(user, subscriptionInfo, license, includeMilestone2Discount: true);
+
+        // Assert - Null Subscription and UpcomingInvoice should be handled gracefully
+        Assert.Null(result.Subscription);
+        Assert.Null(result.UpcomingInvoice);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount);
+    }
+}

test/Core.Test/AdminConsole/OrganizationFeatures/Policies/PolicyValidators/AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandlerTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
+using Bit.Core.AdminConsole.Entities;
+using Bit.Core.AdminConsole.Entities.Provider;
+using Bit.Core.AdminConsole.Enums;
+using Bit.Core.AdminConsole.Enums.Provider;
+using Bit.Core.AdminConsole.OrganizationFeatures.Policies.Models;
+using Bit.Core.AdminConsole.OrganizationFeatures.Policies.PolicyValidators;
+using Bit.Core.AdminConsole.Repositories;
+using Bit.Core.Entities;
+using Bit.Core.Enums;
+using Bit.Core.Models.Data.Organizations.OrganizationUsers;
+using Bit.Core.Repositories;
+using Bit.Core.Test.AdminConsole.AutoFixture;
+using Bit.Test.Common.AutoFixture;
+using Bit.Test.Common.AutoFixture.Attributes;
+using NSubstitute;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Bit.Core.Test.AdminConsole.OrganizationFeatures.Policies.PolicyValidators;
+
+[SutProviderCustomize]
+public class AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandlerTests
+{
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task ValidateAsync_EnablingPolicy_SingleOrgNotEnabled_ReturnsError(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IPolicyRepository>()
+            .GetByOrganizationIdTypeAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId, PolicyType.SingleOrg)
+            .Returns((Policy?)null);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.ValidateAsync(policyUpdate, null);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Contains("Single organization policy must be enabled", result, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task ValidateAsync_EnablingPolicy_SingleOrgPolicyDisabled_ReturnsError(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        [Policy(PolicyType.SingleOrg, false)] Policy singleOrgPolicy,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        singleOrgPolicy.OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IPolicyRepository>()
+            .GetByOrganizationIdTypeAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId, PolicyType.SingleOrg)
+            .Returns(singleOrgPolicy);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.ValidateAsync(policyUpdate, null);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Contains("Single organization policy must be enabled", result, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task ValidateAsync_EnablingPolicy_UsersNotCompliantWithSingleOrg_ReturnsError(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        [Policy(PolicyType.SingleOrg)] Policy singleOrgPolicy,
+        Guid nonCompliantUserId,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        singleOrgPolicy.OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+
+        var orgUser = new OrganizationUserUserDetails
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId,
+            Type = OrganizationUserType.User,
+            Status = OrganizationUserStatusType.Confirmed,
+            UserId = nonCompliantUserId,
+            Email = "user@example.com"
+        };
+
+        var otherOrgUser = new OrganizationUser
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            OrganizationId = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            UserId = nonCompliantUserId,
+            Status = OrganizationUserStatusType.Confirmed
+        };
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IPolicyRepository>()
+            .GetByOrganizationIdTypeAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId, PolicyType.SingleOrg)
+            .Returns(singleOrgPolicy);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyDetailsByOrganizationAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns([orgUser]);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyByManyUsersAsync(Arg.Any<IEnumerable<Guid>>())
+            .Returns([otherOrgUser]);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.ValidateAsync(policyUpdate, null);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Contains("compliant with the Single organization policy", result, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task ValidateAsync_EnablingPolicy_UserWithInvitedStatusInOtherOrg_ValidationPasses(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        [Policy(PolicyType.SingleOrg)] Policy singleOrgPolicy,
+        Guid userId,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        singleOrgPolicy.OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+
+        var orgUser = new OrganizationUserUserDetails
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId,
+            Type = OrganizationUserType.User,
+            Status = OrganizationUserStatusType.Confirmed,
+            UserId = userId,
+            Email = "test@email.com"
+        };
+
+        var otherOrgUser = new OrganizationUser
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            OrganizationId = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            UserId = null, // invited users do not have a user id
+            Status = OrganizationUserStatusType.Invited,
+            Email = orgUser.Email
+        };
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IPolicyRepository>()
+            .GetByOrganizationIdTypeAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId, PolicyType.SingleOrg)
+            .Returns(singleOrgPolicy);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyDetailsByOrganizationAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns([orgUser]);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyByManyUsersAsync(Arg.Any<IEnumerable<Guid>>())
+            .Returns([otherOrgUser]);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IProviderUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyByOrganizationAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns([]);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.ValidateAsync(policyUpdate, null);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.True(string.IsNullOrEmpty(result));
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task ValidateAsync_EnablingPolicy_ProviderUsersExist_ReturnsError(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        [Policy(PolicyType.SingleOrg)] Policy singleOrgPolicy,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        singleOrgPolicy.OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+
+        var providerUser = new ProviderUser
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            ProviderId = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            UserId = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            Status = ProviderUserStatusType.Confirmed
+        };
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IPolicyRepository>()
+            .GetByOrganizationIdTypeAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId, PolicyType.SingleOrg)
+            .Returns(singleOrgPolicy);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyDetailsByOrganizationAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns([]);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IProviderUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyByOrganizationAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns([providerUser]);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.ValidateAsync(policyUpdate, null);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Contains("Provider user type", result, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+    }
+
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task ValidateAsync_EnablingPolicy_AllValidationsPassed_ReturnsEmptyString(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        [Policy(PolicyType.SingleOrg)] Policy singleOrgPolicy,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        singleOrgPolicy.OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+
+        var orgUser = new OrganizationUserUserDetails
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId,
+            Type = OrganizationUserType.User,
+            Status = OrganizationUserStatusType.Confirmed,
+            UserId = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            Email = "user@example.com"
+        };
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IPolicyRepository>()
+            .GetByOrganizationIdTypeAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId, PolicyType.SingleOrg)
+            .Returns(singleOrgPolicy);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyDetailsByOrganizationAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns([orgUser]);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyByManyUsersAsync(Arg.Any<IEnumerable<Guid>>())
+            .Returns([]);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IProviderUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyByOrganizationAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns([]);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.ValidateAsync(policyUpdate, null);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.True(string.IsNullOrEmpty(result));
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task ValidateAsync_PolicyAlreadyEnabled_ReturnsEmptyString(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        [Policy(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] Policy currentPolicy,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        currentPolicy.OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.ValidateAsync(policyUpdate, currentPolicy);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.True(string.IsNullOrEmpty(result));
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IPolicyRepository>()
+            .DidNotReceive()
+            .GetByOrganizationIdTypeAsync(Arg.Any<Guid>(), Arg.Any<PolicyType>());
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task ValidateAsync_DisablingPolicy_ReturnsEmptyString(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation, false)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        [Policy(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] Policy currentPolicy,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        currentPolicy.OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.ValidateAsync(policyUpdate, currentPolicy);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.True(string.IsNullOrEmpty(result));
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IPolicyRepository>()
+            .DidNotReceive()
+            .GetByOrganizationIdTypeAsync(Arg.Any<Guid>(), Arg.Any<PolicyType>());
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task ValidateAsync_EnablingPolicy_IncludesOwnersAndAdmins_InComplianceCheck(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        [Policy(PolicyType.SingleOrg)] Policy singleOrgPolicy,
+        Guid nonCompliantOwnerId,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        singleOrgPolicy.OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+
+        var ownerUser = new OrganizationUserUserDetails
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId,
+            Type = OrganizationUserType.Owner,
+            Status = OrganizationUserStatusType.Confirmed,
+            UserId = nonCompliantOwnerId,
+            Email = "owner@example.com"
+        };
+
+        var otherOrgUser = new OrganizationUser
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            OrganizationId = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            UserId = nonCompliantOwnerId,
+            Status = OrganizationUserStatusType.Confirmed
+        };
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IPolicyRepository>()
+            .GetByOrganizationIdTypeAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId, PolicyType.SingleOrg)
+            .Returns(singleOrgPolicy);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyDetailsByOrganizationAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns([ownerUser]);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyByManyUsersAsync(Arg.Any<IEnumerable<Guid>>())
+            .Returns([otherOrgUser]);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.ValidateAsync(policyUpdate, null);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Contains("compliant with the Single organization policy", result, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task ValidateAsync_EnablingPolicy_InvitedUsersExcluded_FromComplianceCheck(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        [Policy(PolicyType.SingleOrg)] Policy singleOrgPolicy,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        singleOrgPolicy.OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+
+        var invitedUser = new OrganizationUserUserDetails
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId,
+            Type = OrganizationUserType.User,
+            Status = OrganizationUserStatusType.Invited,
+            UserId = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            Email = "invited@example.com"
+        };
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IPolicyRepository>()
+            .GetByOrganizationIdTypeAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId, PolicyType.SingleOrg)
+            .Returns(singleOrgPolicy);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyDetailsByOrganizationAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns([invitedUser]);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IProviderUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyByOrganizationAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns([]);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.ValidateAsync(policyUpdate, null);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.True(string.IsNullOrEmpty(result));
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task ValidateAsync_EnablingPolicy_RevokedUsersExcluded_FromComplianceCheck(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        [Policy(PolicyType.SingleOrg)] Policy singleOrgPolicy,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        singleOrgPolicy.OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+
+        var revokedUser = new OrganizationUserUserDetails
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId,
+            Type = OrganizationUserType.User,
+            Status = OrganizationUserStatusType.Revoked,
+            UserId = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            Email = "revoked@example.com"
+        };
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IPolicyRepository>()
+            .GetByOrganizationIdTypeAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId, PolicyType.SingleOrg)
+            .Returns(singleOrgPolicy);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyDetailsByOrganizationAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns([revokedUser]);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IProviderUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyByOrganizationAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns([]);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.ValidateAsync(policyUpdate, null);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.True(string.IsNullOrEmpty(result));
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task ValidateAsync_EnablingPolicy_AcceptedUsersIncluded_InComplianceCheck(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        [Policy(PolicyType.SingleOrg)] Policy singleOrgPolicy,
+        Guid nonCompliantUserId,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        singleOrgPolicy.OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+
+        var acceptedUser = new OrganizationUserUserDetails
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId,
+            Type = OrganizationUserType.User,
+            Status = OrganizationUserStatusType.Accepted,
+            UserId = nonCompliantUserId,
+            Email = "accepted@example.com"
+        };
+
+        var otherOrgUser = new OrganizationUser
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            OrganizationId = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            UserId = nonCompliantUserId,
+            Status = OrganizationUserStatusType.Confirmed
+        };
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IPolicyRepository>()
+            .GetByOrganizationIdTypeAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId, PolicyType.SingleOrg)
+            .Returns(singleOrgPolicy);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyDetailsByOrganizationAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns([acceptedUser]);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyByManyUsersAsync(Arg.Any<IEnumerable<Guid>>())
+            .Returns([otherOrgUser]);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.ValidateAsync(policyUpdate, null);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Contains("compliant with the Single organization policy", result, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task ValidateAsync_EnablingPolicy_EmptyOrganization_ReturnsEmptyString(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        [Policy(PolicyType.SingleOrg)] Policy singleOrgPolicy,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        singleOrgPolicy.OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IPolicyRepository>()
+            .GetByOrganizationIdTypeAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId, PolicyType.SingleOrg)
+            .Returns(singleOrgPolicy);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyDetailsByOrganizationAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns([]);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IProviderUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyByOrganizationAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns([]);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.ValidateAsync(policyUpdate, null);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.True(string.IsNullOrEmpty(result));
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task ValidateAsync_WithSavePolicyModel_CallsValidateWithPolicyUpdate(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        [Policy(PolicyType.SingleOrg)] Policy singleOrgPolicy,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        singleOrgPolicy.OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+
+        var savePolicyModel = new SavePolicyModel(policyUpdate);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IPolicyRepository>()
+            .GetByOrganizationIdTypeAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId, PolicyType.SingleOrg)
+            .Returns(singleOrgPolicy);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyDetailsByOrganizationAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns([]);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IProviderUserRepository>()
+            .GetManyByOrganizationAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns([]);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.ValidateAsync(savePolicyModel, null);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.True(string.IsNullOrEmpty(result));
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task OnSaveSideEffectsAsync_EnablingPolicy_SetsUseAutomaticUserConfirmationToTrue(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        Organization organization,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        organization.Id = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+        organization.UseAutomaticUserConfirmation = false;
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationRepository>()
+            .GetByIdAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns(organization);
+
+        // Act
+        await sutProvider.Sut.OnSaveSideEffectsAsync(policyUpdate, null);
+
+        // Assert
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationRepository>()
+            .Received(1)
+            .UpsertAsync(Arg.Is<Organization>(o =>
+                o.Id == organization.Id &&
+                o.UseAutomaticUserConfirmation == true &&
+                o.RevisionDate > DateTime.MinValue));
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task OnSaveSideEffectsAsync_DisablingPolicy_SetsUseAutomaticUserConfirmationToFalse(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation, false)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        Organization organization,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        organization.Id = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+        organization.UseAutomaticUserConfirmation = true;
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationRepository>()
+            .GetByIdAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns(organization);
+
+        // Act
+        await sutProvider.Sut.OnSaveSideEffectsAsync(policyUpdate, null);
+
+        // Assert
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationRepository>()
+            .Received(1)
+            .UpsertAsync(Arg.Is<Organization>(o =>
+                o.Id == organization.Id &&
+                o.UseAutomaticUserConfirmation == false &&
+                o.RevisionDate > DateTime.MinValue));
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task OnSaveSideEffectsAsync_OrganizationNotFound_DoesNotThrowException(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationRepository>()
+            .GetByIdAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns((Organization?)null);
+
+        // Act
+        await sutProvider.Sut.OnSaveSideEffectsAsync(policyUpdate, null);
+
+        // Assert
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationRepository>()
+            .DidNotReceive()
+            .UpsertAsync(Arg.Any<Organization>());
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task ExecutePreUpsertSideEffectAsync_CallsOnSaveSideEffectsAsync(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        [Policy(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] Policy currentPolicy,
+        Organization organization,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        organization.Id = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+        currentPolicy.OrganizationId = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+
+        var savePolicyModel = new SavePolicyModel(policyUpdate);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationRepository>()
+            .GetByIdAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns(organization);
+
+        // Act
+        await sutProvider.Sut.ExecutePreUpsertSideEffectAsync(savePolicyModel, currentPolicy);
+
+        // Assert
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationRepository>()
+            .Received(1)
+            .UpsertAsync(Arg.Is<Organization>(o =>
+                o.Id == organization.Id &&
+                o.UseAutomaticUserConfirmation == policyUpdate.Enabled));
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task OnSaveSideEffectsAsync_UpdatesRevisionDate(
+        [PolicyUpdate(PolicyType.AutomaticUserConfirmation)] PolicyUpdate policyUpdate,
+        Organization organization,
+        SutProvider<AutomaticUserConfirmationPolicyEventHandler> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        organization.Id = policyUpdate.OrganizationId;
+        var originalRevisionDate = DateTime.UtcNow.AddDays(-1);
+        organization.RevisionDate = originalRevisionDate;
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationRepository>()
+            .GetByIdAsync(policyUpdate.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns(organization);
+
+        // Act
+        await sutProvider.Sut.OnSaveSideEffectsAsync(policyUpdate, null);
+
+        // Assert
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationRepository>()
+            .Received(1)
+            .UpsertAsync(Arg.Is<Organization>(o =>
+                o.Id == organization.Id &&
+                o.RevisionDate > originalRevisionDate));
+    }
+}

test/Core.Test/Auth/UserFeatures/Registration/RegisterUserCommandTests.cs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ using Bit.Core.Auth.Enums;
 using Bit.Core.Auth.Models;
 using Bit.Core.Auth.Models.Business.Tokenables;
 using Bit.Core.Auth.UserFeatures.Registration.Implementations;
+using Bit.Core.Billing.Enums;
 using Bit.Core.Entities;
 using Bit.Core.Exceptions;
 using Bit.Core.OrganizationFeatures.OrganizationSponsorships.FamiliesForEnterprise.Interfaces;
@@ -80,6 +81,120 @@ public class RegisterUserCommandTests
             .SendWelcomeEmailAsync(Arg.Any<User>());
     }
 
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // RegisterSSOAutoProvisionedUserAsync tests
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task RegisterSSOAutoProvisionedUserAsync_Success(
+        User user,
+        Organization organization,
+        SutProvider<RegisterUserCommand> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        user.Id = Guid.NewGuid();
+        organization.Id = Guid.NewGuid();
+        organization.Name = "Test Organization";
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IUserService>()
+            .CreateUserAsync(user)
+            .Returns(IdentityResult.Success);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IFeatureService>()
+            .IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.MjmlWelcomeEmailTemplates)
+            .Returns(true);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.RegisterSSOAutoProvisionedUserAsync(user, organization);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.True(result.Succeeded);
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IUserService>()
+            .Received(1)
+            .CreateUserAsync(user);
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task RegisterSSOAutoProvisionedUserAsync_UserRegistrationFails_ReturnsFailedResult(
+        User user,
+        Organization organization,
+        SutProvider<RegisterUserCommand> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var expectedError = new IdentityError();
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IUserService>()
+            .CreateUserAsync(user)
+            .Returns(IdentityResult.Failed(expectedError));
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.RegisterSSOAutoProvisionedUserAsync(user, organization);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.False(result.Succeeded);
+        Assert.Contains(expectedError, result.Errors);
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IMailService>()
+            .DidNotReceive()
+            .SendOrganizationUserWelcomeEmailAsync(Arg.Any<User>(), Arg.Any<string>());
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData(PlanType.EnterpriseAnnually)]
+    [BitAutoData(PlanType.EnterpriseMonthly)]
+    [BitAutoData(PlanType.TeamsAnnually)]
+    public async Task RegisterSSOAutoProvisionedUserAsync_EnterpriseOrg_SendsOrganizationWelcomeEmail(
+        PlanType planType,
+        User user,
+        Organization organization,
+        SutProvider<RegisterUserCommand> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        organization.PlanType = planType;
+        organization.Name = "Enterprise Org";
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IUserService>()
+            .CreateUserAsync(user)
+            .Returns(IdentityResult.Success);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IFeatureService>()
+            .IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.MjmlWelcomeEmailTemplates)
+            .Returns(true);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetByIdAsync(Arg.Any<Guid>())
+            .Returns((OrganizationUser)null);
+
+        // Act
+        await sutProvider.Sut.RegisterSSOAutoProvisionedUserAsync(user, organization);
+
+        // Assert
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IMailService>()
+            .Received(1)
+            .SendOrganizationUserWelcomeEmailAsync(user, organization.Name);
+    }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task RegisterSSOAutoProvisionedUserAsync_FeatureFlagDisabled_SendsLegacyWelcomeEmail(
+        User user,
+        Organization organization,
+        SutProvider<RegisterUserCommand> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IUserService>()
+            .CreateUserAsync(user)
+            .Returns(IdentityResult.Success);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IFeatureService>()
+            .IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.MjmlWelcomeEmailTemplates)
+            .Returns(false);
+
+        // Act
+        await sutProvider.Sut.RegisterSSOAutoProvisionedUserAsync(user, organization);
+
+        // Assert
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IMailService>()
+            .Received(1)
+            .SendWelcomeEmailAsync(user);
+    }
+
     // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     // RegisterUserWithOrganizationInviteToken tests
     // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -646,5 +761,186 @@ public class RegisterUserCommandTests
         Assert.Equal("Open registration has been disabled by the system administrator.", result.Message);
     }
 
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // SendWelcomeEmail tests
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData(PlanType.FamiliesAnnually)]
+    [BitAutoData(PlanType.FamiliesAnnually2019)]
+    [BitAutoData(PlanType.Free)]
+    public async Task SendWelcomeEmail_FamilyOrg_SendsFamilyWelcomeEmail(
+        PlanType planType,
+        User user,
+        Organization organization,
+        SutProvider<RegisterUserCommand> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        organization.PlanType = planType;
+        organization.Name = "Family Org";
 
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IUserService>()
+            .CreateUserAsync(user)
+            .Returns(IdentityResult.Success);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IFeatureService>()
+            .IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.MjmlWelcomeEmailTemplates)
+            .Returns(true);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetByIdAsync(Arg.Any<Guid>())
+            .Returns((OrganizationUser)null);
+
+        // Act
+        await sutProvider.Sut.RegisterSSOAutoProvisionedUserAsync(user, organization);
+
+        // Assert
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IMailService>()
+            .Received(1)
+            .SendFreeOrgOrFamilyOrgUserWelcomeEmailAsync(user, organization.Name);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task SendWelcomeEmail_OrganizationNull_SendsIndividualWelcomeEmail(
+        User user,
+        OrganizationUser orgUser,
+        string orgInviteToken,
+        string masterPasswordHash,
+        SutProvider<RegisterUserCommand> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        user.ReferenceData = null;
+        orgUser.Email = user.Email;
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IUserService>()
+            .CreateUserAsync(user, masterPasswordHash)
+            .Returns(IdentityResult.Success);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetByIdAsync(orgUser.Id)
+            .Returns(orgUser);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IPolicyRepository>()
+            .GetByOrganizationIdTypeAsync(Arg.Any<Guid>(), PolicyType.TwoFactorAuthentication)
+            .Returns((Policy)null);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationRepository>()
+            .GetByIdAsync(orgUser.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns((Organization)null);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IFeatureService>()
+            .IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.MjmlWelcomeEmailTemplates)
+            .Returns(true);
+
+        var orgInviteTokenable = new OrgUserInviteTokenable(orgUser);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IDataProtectorTokenFactory<OrgUserInviteTokenable>>()
+            .TryUnprotect(orgInviteToken, out Arg.Any<OrgUserInviteTokenable>())
+            .Returns(callInfo =>
+            {
+                callInfo[1] = orgInviteTokenable;
+                return true;
+            });
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.RegisterUserViaOrganizationInviteToken(user, masterPasswordHash, orgInviteToken, orgUser.Id);
+
+        // Assert
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IMailService>()
+            .Received(1)
+            .SendIndividualUserWelcomeEmailAsync(user);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task SendWelcomeEmail_OrganizationDisplayNameNull_SendsIndividualWelcomeEmail(
+        User user,
+        SutProvider<RegisterUserCommand> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        Organization organization = new Organization
+        {
+            Name = null
+        };
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IUserService>()
+            .CreateUserAsync(user)
+            .Returns(IdentityResult.Success);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IFeatureService>()
+            .IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.MjmlWelcomeEmailTemplates)
+            .Returns(true);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetByIdAsync(Arg.Any<Guid>())
+            .Returns((OrganizationUser)null);
+
+        // Act
+        await sutProvider.Sut.RegisterSSOAutoProvisionedUserAsync(user, organization);
+
+        // Assert
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IMailService>()
+            .Received(1)
+            .SendIndividualUserWelcomeEmailAsync(user);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetOrganizationWelcomeEmailDetailsAsync_HappyPath_ReturnsOrganizationWelcomeEmailDetails(
+        Organization organization,
+        User user,
+        OrganizationUser orgUser,
+        string masterPasswordHash,
+        string orgInviteToken,
+        SutProvider<RegisterUserCommand> sutProvider)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        user.ReferenceData = null;
+        orgUser.Email = user.Email;
+        organization.PlanType = PlanType.EnterpriseAnnually;
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IUserService>()
+            .CreateUserAsync(user, masterPasswordHash)
+            .Returns(IdentityResult.Success);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetByIdAsync(orgUser.Id)
+            .Returns(orgUser);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IPolicyRepository>()
+            .GetByOrganizationIdTypeAsync(Arg.Any<Guid>(), PolicyType.TwoFactorAuthentication)
+            .Returns((Policy)null);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationRepository>()
+            .GetByIdAsync(orgUser.OrganizationId)
+            .Returns(organization);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IFeatureService>()
+            .IsEnabled(FeatureFlagKeys.MjmlWelcomeEmailTemplates)
+            .Returns(true);
+
+        var orgInviteTokenable = new OrgUserInviteTokenable(orgUser);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IDataProtectorTokenFactory<OrgUserInviteTokenable>>()
+            .TryUnprotect(orgInviteToken, out Arg.Any<OrgUserInviteTokenable>())
+            .Returns(callInfo =>
+            {
+                callInfo[1] = orgInviteTokenable;
+                return true;
+            });
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.RegisterUserViaOrganizationInviteToken(user, masterPasswordHash, orgInviteToken, orgUser.Id);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.True(result.Succeeded);
+
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationRepository>()
+            .Received(1)
+            .GetByIdAsync(orgUser.OrganizationId);
+
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IMailService>()
+            .Received(1)
+            .SendOrganizationUserWelcomeEmailAsync(user, organization.DisplayName());
+    }
 }

test/Core.Test/Billing/Premium/Commands/CreatePremiumCloudHostedSubscriptionCommandTests.cs

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ public class CreatePremiumCloudHostedSubscriptionCommandTests
             Available = true,
             LegacyYear = null,
             Seat = new PremiumPurchasable { Price = 10M, StripePriceId = StripeConstants.Prices.PremiumAnnually },
-            Storage = new PremiumPurchasable { Price = 4M, StripePriceId = StripeConstants.Prices.StoragePlanPersonal }
+            Storage = new PremiumPurchasable { Price = 4M, StripePriceId = StripeConstants.Prices.StoragePlanPersonal, Provided = 1 }
         };
         _pricingClient.GetAvailablePremiumPlan().Returns(premiumPlan);
 
@@ -720,4 +720,63 @@ public class CreatePremiumCloudHostedSubscriptionCommandTests
         await _stripeAdapter.DidNotReceive().SubscriptionCreateAsync(Arg.Any<SubscriptionCreateOptions>());
         await _userService.DidNotReceive().SaveUserAsync(Arg.Any<User>());
     }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task Run_WithAdditionalStorage_SetsCorrectMaxStorageGb(
+        User user,
+        TokenizedPaymentMethod paymentMethod,
+        BillingAddress billingAddress)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        user.Premium = false;
+        user.GatewayCustomerId = null;
+        user.Email = "test@example.com";
+        paymentMethod.Type = TokenizablePaymentMethodType.Card;
+        paymentMethod.Token = "card_token_123";
+        billingAddress.Country = "US";
+        billingAddress.PostalCode = "12345";
+        const short additionalStorage = 2;
+
+        // Setup premium plan with 5GB provided storage
+        var premiumPlan = new PremiumPlan
+        {
+            Name = "Premium",
+            Available = true,
+            LegacyYear = null,
+            Seat = new PremiumPurchasable { Price = 10M, StripePriceId = StripeConstants.Prices.PremiumAnnually },
+            Storage = new PremiumPurchasable { Price = 4M, StripePriceId = StripeConstants.Prices.StoragePlanPersonal, Provided = 1 }
+        };
+        _pricingClient.GetAvailablePremiumPlan().Returns(premiumPlan);
+
+        var mockCustomer = Substitute.For<StripeCustomer>();
+        mockCustomer.Id = "cust_123";
+        mockCustomer.Address = new Address { Country = "US", PostalCode = "12345" };
+        mockCustomer.Metadata = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+
+        var mockSubscription = Substitute.For<StripeSubscription>();
+        mockSubscription.Id = "sub_123";
+        mockSubscription.Status = "active";
+        mockSubscription.Items = new StripeList<SubscriptionItem>
+        {
+            Data =
+            [
+                new SubscriptionItem
+                {
+                    CurrentPeriodEnd = DateTime.UtcNow.AddDays(30)
+                }
+            ]
+        };
+
+        _stripeAdapter.CustomerCreateAsync(Arg.Any<CustomerCreateOptions>()).Returns(mockCustomer);
+        _stripeAdapter.SubscriptionCreateAsync(Arg.Any<SubscriptionCreateOptions>()).Returns(mockSubscription);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await _command.Run(user, paymentMethod, billingAddress, additionalStorage);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.True(result.IsT0);
+        Assert.Equal((short)3, user.MaxStorageGb); // 1 (provided) + 2 (additional) = 3
+        await _userService.Received(1).SaveUserAsync(user);
+    }
+
 }

test/Core.Test/Models/Business/BillingCustomerDiscountTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,497 @@
+using Bit.Core.Models.Business;
+using Bit.Test.Common.AutoFixture.Attributes;
+using Stripe;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Bit.Core.Test.Models.Business;
+
+public class BillingCustomerDiscountTests
+{
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_PercentageDiscount_SetsIdActivePercentOffAndAppliesTo(string couponId)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = couponId,
+                PercentOff = 25.5m,
+                AmountOff = null,
+                AppliesTo = new CouponAppliesTo
+                {
+                    Products = new List<string> { "product1", "product2" }
+                }
+            },
+            End = null // Active discount
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Equal(couponId, result.Id);
+        Assert.True(result.Active);
+        Assert.Equal(25.5m, result.PercentOff);
+        Assert.Null(result.AmountOff);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.AppliesTo);
+        Assert.Equal(2, result.AppliesTo.Count);
+        Assert.Contains("product1", result.AppliesTo);
+        Assert.Contains("product2", result.AppliesTo);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_AmountDiscount_ConvertsFromCentsToDollars(string couponId)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Stripe sends 1400 cents for $14.00
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = couponId,
+                PercentOff = null,
+                AmountOff = 1400, // 1400 cents
+                AppliesTo = new CouponAppliesTo
+                {
+                    Products = new List<string>()
+                }
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Equal(couponId, result.Id);
+        Assert.True(result.Active);
+        Assert.Null(result.PercentOff);
+        Assert.Equal(14.00m, result.AmountOff); // Converted to dollars
+        Assert.NotNull(result.AppliesTo);
+        Assert.Empty(result.AppliesTo);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_InactiveDiscount_SetsActiveToFalse(string couponId)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = couponId,
+                PercentOff = 15m
+            },
+            End = DateTime.UtcNow.AddDays(-1) // Expired discount
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Equal(couponId, result.Id);
+        Assert.False(result.Active);
+        Assert.Equal(15m, result.PercentOff);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Constructor_NullCoupon_SetsDiscountPropertiesToNull()
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = null,
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Null(result.Id);
+        Assert.True(result.Active);
+        Assert.Null(result.PercentOff);
+        Assert.Null(result.AmountOff);
+        Assert.Null(result.AppliesTo);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_NullAmountOff_SetsAmountOffToNull(string couponId)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = couponId,
+                PercentOff = 10m,
+                AmountOff = null
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Null(result.AmountOff);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_ZeroAmountOff_ConvertsCorrectly(string couponId)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = couponId,
+                AmountOff = 0
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Equal(0m, result.AmountOff);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_LargeAmountOff_ConvertsCorrectly(string couponId)
+    {
+        // Arrange - $100.00 discount
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = couponId,
+                AmountOff = 10000 // 10000 cents = $100.00
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Equal(100.00m, result.AmountOff);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_SmallAmountOff_ConvertsCorrectly(string couponId)
+    {
+        // Arrange - $0.50 discount
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = couponId,
+                AmountOff = 50 // 50 cents = $0.50
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Equal(0.50m, result.AmountOff);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_BothDiscountTypes_SetsPercentOffAndAmountOff(string couponId)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Coupon with both percentage and amount (edge case)
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = couponId,
+                PercentOff = 20m,
+                AmountOff = 500 // $5.00
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Equal(20m, result.PercentOff);
+        Assert.Equal(5.00m, result.AmountOff);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_WithNullAppliesTo_SetsAppliesToNull(string couponId)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = couponId,
+                PercentOff = 10m,
+                AppliesTo = null
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Null(result.AppliesTo);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_WithNullProductsList_SetsAppliesToNull(string couponId)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = couponId,
+                PercentOff = 10m,
+                AppliesTo = new CouponAppliesTo
+                {
+                    Products = null
+                }
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Null(result.AppliesTo);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_WithDecimalAmountOff_RoundsCorrectly(string couponId)
+    {
+        // Arrange - 1425 cents = $14.25
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = couponId,
+                AmountOff = 1425
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Equal(14.25m, result.AmountOff);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Constructor_DefaultConstructor_InitializesAllPropertiesToNullOrFalse()
+    {
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount();
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Null(result.Id);
+        Assert.False(result.Active);
+        Assert.Null(result.PercentOff);
+        Assert.Null(result.AmountOff);
+        Assert.Null(result.AppliesTo);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_WithFutureEndDate_SetsActiveToFalse(string couponId)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Discount expires in the future
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = couponId,
+                PercentOff = 20m
+            },
+            End = DateTime.UtcNow.AddDays(30) // Expires in 30 days
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.False(result.Active); // Should be inactive because End is not null
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_WithPastEndDate_SetsActiveToFalse(string couponId)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Discount already expired
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = couponId,
+                PercentOff = 20m
+            },
+            End = DateTime.UtcNow.AddDays(-30) // Expired 30 days ago
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.False(result.Active); // Should be inactive because End is not null
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Constructor_WithNullCouponId_SetsIdToNull()
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = null,
+                PercentOff = 20m
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Null(result.Id);
+        Assert.True(result.Active);
+        Assert.Equal(20m, result.PercentOff);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_WithNullPercentOff_SetsPercentOffToNull(string couponId)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = couponId,
+                PercentOff = null,
+                AmountOff = 1000
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Null(result.PercentOff);
+        Assert.Equal(10.00m, result.AmountOff);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Constructor_WithCompleteStripeDiscount_MapsAllProperties()
+    {
+        // Arrange - Comprehensive test with all Stripe Discount properties set
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = "premium_discount_2024",
+                PercentOff = 25m,
+                AmountOff = 1500, // $15.00
+                AppliesTo = new CouponAppliesTo
+                {
+                    Products = new List<string> { "prod_premium", "prod_family", "prod_teams" }
+                }
+            },
+            End = null // Active
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert - Verify all properties mapped correctly
+        Assert.Equal("premium_discount_2024", result.Id);
+        Assert.True(result.Active);
+        Assert.Equal(25m, result.PercentOff);
+        Assert.Equal(15.00m, result.AmountOff);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.AppliesTo);
+        Assert.Equal(3, result.AppliesTo.Count);
+        Assert.Contains("prod_premium", result.AppliesTo);
+        Assert.Contains("prod_family", result.AppliesTo);
+        Assert.Contains("prod_teams", result.AppliesTo);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Constructor_WithMinimalStripeDiscount_HandlesNullsGracefully()
+    {
+        // Arrange - Minimal Stripe Discount with most properties null
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = null,
+                PercentOff = null,
+                AmountOff = null,
+                AppliesTo = null
+            },
+            End = DateTime.UtcNow.AddDays(10) // Has end date
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert - Should handle all nulls gracefully
+        Assert.Null(result.Id);
+        Assert.False(result.Active);
+        Assert.Null(result.PercentOff);
+        Assert.Null(result.AmountOff);
+        Assert.Null(result.AppliesTo);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public void Constructor_WithEmptyProductsList_PreservesEmptyList(string couponId)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var discount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = couponId,
+                PercentOff = 10m,
+                AppliesTo = new CouponAppliesTo
+                {
+                    Products = new List<string>() // Empty but not null
+                }
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingCustomerDiscount(discount);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.NotNull(result.AppliesTo);
+        Assert.Empty(result.AppliesTo);
+    }
+}

test/Core.Test/Models/Business/SubscriptionInfoTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+using Bit.Core.Models.Business;
+using Stripe;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Bit.Core.Test.Models.Business;
+
+public class SubscriptionInfoTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void BillingSubscriptionItem_NullPlan_HandlesGracefully()
+    {
+        // Arrange - SubscriptionItem with null Plan
+        var subscriptionItem = new SubscriptionItem
+        {
+            Plan = null,
+            Quantity = 1
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingSubscription.BillingSubscriptionItem(subscriptionItem);
+
+        // Assert - Should handle null Plan gracefully
+        Assert.Null(result.ProductId);
+        Assert.Null(result.Name);
+        Assert.Equal(0m, result.Amount); // Defaults to 0 when Plan is null
+        Assert.Null(result.Interval);
+        Assert.Equal(1, result.Quantity);
+        Assert.False(result.SponsoredSubscriptionItem);
+        Assert.False(result.AddonSubscriptionItem);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void BillingSubscriptionItem_NullAmount_SetsToZero()
+    {
+        // Arrange - SubscriptionItem with Plan but null Amount
+        var subscriptionItem = new SubscriptionItem
+        {
+            Plan = new Plan
+            {
+                ProductId = "prod_test",
+                Nickname = "Test Plan",
+                Amount = null, // Null amount
+                Interval = "month"
+            },
+            Quantity = 1
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingSubscription.BillingSubscriptionItem(subscriptionItem);
+
+        // Assert - Should default to 0 when Amount is null
+        Assert.Equal("prod_test", result.ProductId);
+        Assert.Equal("Test Plan", result.Name);
+        Assert.Equal(0m, result.Amount); // Business rule: defaults to 0 when null
+        Assert.Equal("month", result.Interval);
+        Assert.Equal(1, result.Quantity);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void BillingSubscriptionItem_ZeroAmount_PreservesZero()
+    {
+        // Arrange - SubscriptionItem with Plan and zero Amount
+        var subscriptionItem = new SubscriptionItem
+        {
+            Plan = new Plan
+            {
+                ProductId = "prod_test",
+                Nickname = "Test Plan",
+                Amount = 0, // Zero amount (0 cents)
+                Interval = "month"
+            },
+            Quantity = 1
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingSubscription.BillingSubscriptionItem(subscriptionItem);
+
+        // Assert - Should preserve zero amount
+        Assert.Equal("prod_test", result.ProductId);
+        Assert.Equal("Test Plan", result.Name);
+        Assert.Equal(0m, result.Amount); // Zero amount preserved
+        Assert.Equal("month", result.Interval);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void BillingUpcomingInvoice_ZeroAmountDue_ConvertsToZero()
+    {
+        // Arrange - Invoice with zero AmountDue
+        // Note: Stripe's Invoice.AmountDue is non-nullable long, so we test with 0
+        // The null-coalescing operator (?? 0) in the constructor handles the case where
+        // ConvertFromStripeMinorUnits returns null, but since AmountDue is non-nullable,
+        // this test verifies the conversion path works correctly for zero values
+        var invoice = new Invoice
+        {
+            AmountDue = 0, // Zero amount due (0 cents)
+            Created = DateTime.UtcNow
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingUpcomingInvoice(invoice);
+
+        // Assert - Should convert zero correctly
+        Assert.Equal(0m, result.Amount);
+        Assert.NotNull(result.Date);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void BillingUpcomingInvoice_ValidAmountDue_ConvertsCorrectly()
+    {
+        // Arrange - Invoice with valid AmountDue
+        var invoice = new Invoice
+        {
+            AmountDue = 2500, // 2500 cents = $25.00
+            Created = DateTime.UtcNow
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        var result = new SubscriptionInfo.BillingUpcomingInvoice(invoice);
+
+        // Assert - Should convert correctly
+        Assert.Equal(25.00m, result.Amount); // Converted from cents
+        Assert.NotNull(result.Date);
+    }
+}
+

test/Core.Test/Services/HandlebarsMailServiceTests.cs

@@ -268,4 +268,115 @@ public class HandlebarsMailServiceTests
         // Assert
         await _mailDeliveryService.Received(1).SendEmailAsync(Arg.Any<MailMessage>());
     }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task SendIndividualUserWelcomeEmailAsync_SendsCorrectEmail()
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var user = new User
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            Email = "test@example.com"
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        await _sut.SendIndividualUserWelcomeEmailAsync(user);
+
+        // Assert
+        await _mailDeliveryService.Received(1).SendEmailAsync(Arg.Is<MailMessage>(m =>
+            m.MetaData != null &&
+            m.ToEmails.Contains("test@example.com") &&
+            m.Subject == "Welcome to Bitwarden!" &&
+            m.Category == "Welcome"));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task SendOrganizationUserWelcomeEmailAsync_SendsCorrectEmailWithOrganizationName()
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var user = new User
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            Email = "user@company.com"
+        };
+        var organizationName = "Bitwarden Corp";
+
+        // Act
+        await _sut.SendOrganizationUserWelcomeEmailAsync(user, organizationName);
+
+        // Assert
+        await _mailDeliveryService.Received(1).SendEmailAsync(Arg.Is<MailMessage>(m =>
+            m.MetaData != null &&
+            m.ToEmails.Contains("user@company.com") &&
+            m.Subject == "Welcome to Bitwarden!" &&
+            m.HtmlContent.Contains("Bitwarden Corp") &&
+            m.Category == "Welcome"));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task SendFreeOrgOrFamilyOrgUserWelcomeEmailAsync_SendsCorrectEmailWithFamilyTemplate()
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var user = new User
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            Email = "family@example.com"
+        };
+        var familyOrganizationName = "Smith Family";
+
+        // Act
+        await _sut.SendFreeOrgOrFamilyOrgUserWelcomeEmailAsync(user, familyOrganizationName);
+
+        // Assert
+        await _mailDeliveryService.Received(1).SendEmailAsync(Arg.Is<MailMessage>(m =>
+            m.MetaData != null &&
+            m.ToEmails.Contains("family@example.com") &&
+            m.Subject == "Welcome to Bitwarden!" &&
+            m.HtmlContent.Contains("Smith Family") &&
+            m.Category == "Welcome"));
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("Acme Corp", "Acme Corp")]
+    [InlineData("Company & Associates", "Company &amp; Associates")]
+    [InlineData("Test \"Quoted\" Org", "Test &quot;Quoted&quot; Org")]
+    public async Task SendOrganizationUserWelcomeEmailAsync_SanitizesOrganizationNameForEmail(string inputOrgName, string expectedSanitized)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var user = new User
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            Email = "test@example.com"
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        await _sut.SendOrganizationUserWelcomeEmailAsync(user, inputOrgName);
+
+        // Assert
+        await _mailDeliveryService.Received(1).SendEmailAsync(Arg.Is<MailMessage>(m =>
+            m.HtmlContent.Contains(expectedSanitized) &&
+            !m.HtmlContent.Contains("<script>") && // Ensure script tags are removed
+            m.Category == "Welcome"));
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("test@example.com")]
+    [InlineData("user+tag@domain.co.uk")]
+    [InlineData("admin@organization.org")]
+    public async Task SendIndividualUserWelcomeEmailAsync_HandlesVariousEmailFormats(string email)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var user = new User
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            Email = email
+        };
+
+        // Act
+        await _sut.SendIndividualUserWelcomeEmailAsync(user);
+
+        // Assert
+        await _mailDeliveryService.Received(1).SendEmailAsync(Arg.Is<MailMessage>(m =>
+            m.ToEmails.Contains(email)));
+    }
 }

test/Core.Test/Services/StripePaymentServiceTests.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ using Bit.Core.Billing.Enums;
 using Bit.Core.Billing.Models.StaticStore.Plans;
 using Bit.Core.Billing.Pricing;
 using Bit.Core.Billing.Tax.Requests;
+using Bit.Core.Entities;
 using Bit.Core.Enums;
 using Bit.Core.Services;
 using Bit.Test.Common.AutoFixture;
@@ -515,4 +516,399 @@ public class StripePaymentServiceTests
             options.CustomerDetails.TaxExempt == StripeConstants.TaxExempt.Reverse
         ));
     }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_WithCustomerDiscount_ReturnsDiscountFromCustomer(
+        SutProvider<StripePaymentService> sutProvider,
+        User subscriber)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        subscriber.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe;
+        subscriber.GatewayCustomerId = "cus_test123";
+        subscriber.GatewaySubscriptionId = "sub_test123";
+
+        var customerDiscount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount,
+                PercentOff = 20m,
+                AmountOff = 1400
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        var subscription = new Subscription
+        {
+            Id = "sub_test123",
+            Status = "active",
+            CollectionMethod = "charge_automatically",
+            Customer = new Customer
+            {
+                Discount = customerDiscount
+            },
+            Discounts = new List<Discount>(), // Empty list
+            Items = new StripeList<SubscriptionItem> { Data = [] }
+        };
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IStripeAdapter>()
+            .SubscriptionGetAsync(
+                subscriber.GatewaySubscriptionId,
+                Arg.Any<SubscriptionGetOptions>())
+            .Returns(subscription);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(subscriber);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount);
+        Assert.Equal(StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount, result.CustomerDiscount.Id);
+        Assert.Equal(20m, result.CustomerDiscount.PercentOff);
+        Assert.Equal(14.00m, result.CustomerDiscount.AmountOff); // Converted from cents
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_WithoutCustomerDiscount_FallsBackToSubscriptionDiscounts(
+        SutProvider<StripePaymentService> sutProvider,
+        User subscriber)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        subscriber.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe;
+        subscriber.GatewayCustomerId = "cus_test123";
+        subscriber.GatewaySubscriptionId = "sub_test123";
+
+        var subscriptionDiscount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount,
+                PercentOff = 15m,
+                AmountOff = null
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        var subscription = new Subscription
+        {
+            Id = "sub_test123",
+            Status = "active",
+            CollectionMethod = "charge_automatically",
+            Customer = new Customer
+            {
+                Discount = null // No customer discount
+            },
+            Discounts = new List<Discount> { subscriptionDiscount },
+            Items = new StripeList<SubscriptionItem> { Data = [] }
+        };
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IStripeAdapter>()
+            .SubscriptionGetAsync(
+                subscriber.GatewaySubscriptionId,
+                Arg.Any<SubscriptionGetOptions>())
+            .Returns(subscription);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(subscriber);
+
+        // Assert - Should use subscription discount as fallback
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount);
+        Assert.Equal(StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount, result.CustomerDiscount.Id);
+        Assert.Equal(15m, result.CustomerDiscount.PercentOff);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_WithBothDiscounts_PrefersCustomerDiscount(
+        SutProvider<StripePaymentService> sutProvider,
+        User subscriber)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        subscriber.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe;
+        subscriber.GatewayCustomerId = "cus_test123";
+        subscriber.GatewaySubscriptionId = "sub_test123";
+
+        var customerDiscount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount,
+                PercentOff = 25m
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        var subscriptionDiscount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = "different-coupon-id",
+                PercentOff = 10m
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        var subscription = new Subscription
+        {
+            Id = "sub_test123",
+            Status = "active",
+            CollectionMethod = "charge_automatically",
+            Customer = new Customer
+            {
+                Discount = customerDiscount // Should prefer this
+            },
+            Discounts = new List<Discount> { subscriptionDiscount },
+            Items = new StripeList<SubscriptionItem> { Data = [] }
+        };
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IStripeAdapter>()
+            .SubscriptionGetAsync(
+                subscriber.GatewaySubscriptionId,
+                Arg.Any<SubscriptionGetOptions>())
+            .Returns(subscription);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(subscriber);
+
+        // Assert - Should prefer customer discount over subscription discount
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount);
+        Assert.Equal(StripeConstants.CouponIDs.Milestone2SubscriptionDiscount, result.CustomerDiscount.Id);
+        Assert.Equal(25m, result.CustomerDiscount.PercentOff);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_WithNoDiscounts_ReturnsNullDiscount(
+        SutProvider<StripePaymentService> sutProvider,
+        User subscriber)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        subscriber.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe;
+        subscriber.GatewayCustomerId = "cus_test123";
+        subscriber.GatewaySubscriptionId = "sub_test123";
+
+        var subscription = new Subscription
+        {
+            Id = "sub_test123",
+            Status = "active",
+            CollectionMethod = "charge_automatically",
+            Customer = new Customer
+            {
+                Discount = null
+            },
+            Discounts = new List<Discount>(), // Empty list, no discounts
+            Items = new StripeList<SubscriptionItem> { Data = [] }
+        };
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IStripeAdapter>()
+            .SubscriptionGetAsync(
+                subscriber.GatewaySubscriptionId,
+                Arg.Any<SubscriptionGetOptions>())
+            .Returns(subscription);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(subscriber);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_WithMultipleSubscriptionDiscounts_SelectsFirstDiscount(
+        SutProvider<StripePaymentService> sutProvider,
+        User subscriber)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Multiple subscription-level discounts, no customer discount
+        subscriber.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe;
+        subscriber.GatewayCustomerId = "cus_test123";
+        subscriber.GatewaySubscriptionId = "sub_test123";
+
+        var firstDiscount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = "coupon-10-percent",
+                PercentOff = 10m
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        var secondDiscount = new Discount
+        {
+            Coupon = new Coupon
+            {
+                Id = "coupon-20-percent",
+                PercentOff = 20m
+            },
+            End = null
+        };
+
+        var subscription = new Subscription
+        {
+            Id = "sub_test123",
+            Status = "active",
+            CollectionMethod = "charge_automatically",
+            Customer = new Customer
+            {
+                Discount = null // No customer discount
+            },
+            // Multiple subscription discounts - FirstOrDefault() should select the first one
+            Discounts = new List<Discount> { firstDiscount, secondDiscount },
+            Items = new StripeList<SubscriptionItem> { Data = [] }
+        };
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IStripeAdapter>()
+            .SubscriptionGetAsync(
+                subscriber.GatewaySubscriptionId,
+                Arg.Any<SubscriptionGetOptions>())
+            .Returns(subscription);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(subscriber);
+
+        // Assert - Should select the first discount from the list (FirstOrDefault() behavior)
+        Assert.NotNull(result.CustomerDiscount);
+        Assert.Equal("coupon-10-percent", result.CustomerDiscount.Id);
+        Assert.Equal(10m, result.CustomerDiscount.PercentOff);
+        // Verify the second discount was not selected
+        Assert.NotEqual("coupon-20-percent", result.CustomerDiscount.Id);
+        Assert.NotEqual(20m, result.CustomerDiscount.PercentOff);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_WithNullCustomer_HandlesGracefully(
+        SutProvider<StripePaymentService> sutProvider,
+        User subscriber)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Subscription with null Customer (defensive null check scenario)
+        subscriber.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe;
+        subscriber.GatewayCustomerId = "cus_test123";
+        subscriber.GatewaySubscriptionId = "sub_test123";
+
+        var subscription = new Subscription
+        {
+            Id = "sub_test123",
+            Status = "active",
+            CollectionMethod = "charge_automatically",
+            Customer = null, // Customer not expanded or null
+            Discounts = new List<Discount>(), // Empty discounts
+            Items = new StripeList<SubscriptionItem> { Data = [] }
+        };
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IStripeAdapter>()
+            .SubscriptionGetAsync(
+                subscriber.GatewaySubscriptionId,
+                Arg.Any<SubscriptionGetOptions>())
+            .Returns(subscription);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(subscriber);
+
+        // Assert - Should handle null Customer gracefully without throwing NullReferenceException
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_WithNullDiscounts_HandlesGracefully(
+        SutProvider<StripePaymentService> sutProvider,
+        User subscriber)
+    {
+        // Arrange - Subscription with null Discounts (defensive null check scenario)
+        subscriber.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe;
+        subscriber.GatewayCustomerId = "cus_test123";
+        subscriber.GatewaySubscriptionId = "sub_test123";
+
+        var subscription = new Subscription
+        {
+            Id = "sub_test123",
+            Status = "active",
+            CollectionMethod = "charge_automatically",
+            Customer = new Customer
+            {
+                Discount = null // No customer discount
+            },
+            Discounts = null, // Discounts not expanded or null
+            Items = new StripeList<SubscriptionItem> { Data = [] }
+        };
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IStripeAdapter>()
+            .SubscriptionGetAsync(
+                subscriber.GatewaySubscriptionId,
+                Arg.Any<SubscriptionGetOptions>())
+            .Returns(subscription);
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(subscriber);
+
+        // Assert - Should handle null Discounts gracefully without throwing NullReferenceException
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_VerifiesCorrectExpandOptions(
+        SutProvider<StripePaymentService> sutProvider,
+        User subscriber)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        subscriber.Gateway = GatewayType.Stripe;
+        subscriber.GatewayCustomerId = "cus_test123";
+        subscriber.GatewaySubscriptionId = "sub_test123";
+
+        var subscription = new Subscription
+        {
+            Id = "sub_test123",
+            Status = "active",
+            CollectionMethod = "charge_automatically",
+            Customer = new Customer { Discount = null },
+            Discounts = new List<Discount>(), // Empty list
+            Items = new StripeList<SubscriptionItem> { Data = [] }
+        };
+
+        var stripeAdapter = sutProvider.GetDependency<IStripeAdapter>();
+        stripeAdapter
+            .SubscriptionGetAsync(
+                Arg.Any<string>(),
+                Arg.Any<SubscriptionGetOptions>())
+            .Returns(subscription);
+
+        // Act
+        await sutProvider.Sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(subscriber);
+
+        // Assert - Verify expand options are correct
+        await stripeAdapter.Received(1).SubscriptionGetAsync(
+            subscriber.GatewaySubscriptionId,
+            Arg.Is<SubscriptionGetOptions>(o =>
+                o.Expand.Contains("customer.discount.coupon.applies_to") &&
+                o.Expand.Contains("discounts.coupon.applies_to") &&
+                o.Expand.Contains("test_clock")));
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [BitAutoData]
+    public async Task GetSubscriptionAsync_WithEmptyGatewaySubscriptionId_ReturnsEmptySubscriptionInfo(
+        SutProvider<StripePaymentService> sutProvider,
+        User subscriber)
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        subscriber.GatewaySubscriptionId = null;
+
+        // Act
+        var result = await sutProvider.Sut.GetSubscriptionAsync(subscriber);
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.NotNull(result);
+        Assert.Null(result.Subscription);
+        Assert.Null(result.CustomerDiscount);
+        Assert.Null(result.UpcomingInvoice);
+
+        // Verify no Stripe API calls were made
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IStripeAdapter>()
+            .DidNotReceive()
+            .SubscriptionGetAsync(Arg.Any<string>(), Arg.Any<SubscriptionGetOptions>());
+    }
 }

test/Core.Test/Tools/ImportFeatures/ImportCiphersAsyncCommandTests.cs

@@ -238,4 +238,55 @@ public class ImportCiphersAsyncCommandTests
         Assert.Equal("This organization can only have a maximum of " +
         $"{organization.MaxCollections} collections.", exception.Message);
     }
+
+    [Theory, BitAutoData]
+    public async Task ImportIntoOrganizationalVaultAsync_WithNullImportingOrgUser_SkipsCollectionUserCreation(
+        Organization organization,
+        Guid importingUserId,
+        List<Collection> collections,
+        List<CipherDetails> ciphers,
+        SutProvider<ImportCiphersCommand> sutProvider)
+    {
+        organization.MaxCollections = null;
+
+        foreach (var collection in collections)
+        {
+            collection.OrganizationId = organization.Id;
+        }
+
+        foreach (var cipher in ciphers)
+        {
+            cipher.OrganizationId = organization.Id;
+        }
+
+        KeyValuePair<int, int>[] collectionRelationships = {
+            new(0, 0),
+            new(1, 1),
+            new(2, 2)
+        };
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationRepository>()
+            .GetByIdAsync(organization.Id)
+            .Returns(organization);
+
+        // Simulate provider-created org with no members - importing user is NOT an org member
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<IOrganizationUserRepository>()
+            .GetByOrganizationAsync(organization.Id, importingUserId)
+            .Returns((OrganizationUser)null);
+
+        sutProvider.GetDependency<ICollectionRepository>()
+            .GetManyByOrganizationIdAsync(organization.Id)
+            .Returns(new List<Collection>());
+
+        await sutProvider.Sut.ImportIntoOrganizationalVaultAsync(collections, ciphers, collectionRelationships, importingUserId);
+
+        // Verify ciphers were created but no CollectionUser entries were created (because the organization user (importingUserId) is null)
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<ICipherRepository>().Received(1).CreateAsync(
+            ciphers,
+            Arg.Is<IEnumerable<Collection>>(cols => cols.Count() == collections.Count),
+            Arg.Is<IEnumerable<CollectionCipher>>(cc => cc.Count() == ciphers.Count),
+            Arg.Is<IEnumerable<CollectionUser>>(cus => !cus.Any()));
+
+        await sutProvider.GetDependency<IPushNotificationService>().Received(1).PushSyncVaultAsync(importingUserId);
+    }
 }

test/Core.Test/Utilities/ExtendedCacheServiceCollectionExtensionsTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+using Bit.Core.Settings;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Distributed;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.Extensions;
+using NSubstitute;
+using StackExchange.Redis;
+using Xunit;
+using ZiggyCreatures.Caching.Fusion;
+
+namespace Bit.Core.Test.Utilities;
+
+public class ExtendedCacheServiceCollectionExtensionsTests
+{
+    private readonly IServiceCollection _services;
+    private readonly GlobalSettings _globalSettings;
+
+    public ExtendedCacheServiceCollectionExtensionsTests()
+    {
+        _services = new ServiceCollection();
+
+        var config = new ConfigurationBuilder()
+            .AddInMemoryCollection(new Dictionary<string, string?>())
+            .Build();
+
+        _globalSettings = new GlobalSettings();
+        config.GetSection("GlobalSettings").Bind(_globalSettings);
+
+        _services.TryAddSingleton(config);
+        _services.TryAddSingleton(_globalSettings);
+        _services.TryAddSingleton<IGlobalSettings>(_globalSettings);
+        _services.AddLogging();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryAddFusionCoreServices_CustomSettings_OverridesDefaults()
+    {
+        var settings = CreateGlobalSettings(new Dictionary<string, string?>
+        {
+            { "GlobalSettings:DistributedCache:Duration", "00:12:00" },
+            { "GlobalSettings:DistributedCache:FailSafeMaxDuration", "01:30:00" },
+            { "GlobalSettings:DistributedCache:FailSafeThrottleDuration", "00:01:00" },
+            { "GlobalSettings:DistributedCache:EagerRefreshThreshold", "0.75" },
+            { "GlobalSettings:DistributedCache:FactorySoftTimeout", "00:00:00.020" },
+            { "GlobalSettings:DistributedCache:FactoryHardTimeout", "00:00:03" },
+            { "GlobalSettings:DistributedCache:DistributedCacheSoftTimeout", "00:00:00.500" },
+            { "GlobalSettings:DistributedCache:DistributedCacheHardTimeout", "00:00:01.500" },
+            { "GlobalSettings:DistributedCache:JitterMaxDuration", "00:00:05" },
+            { "GlobalSettings:DistributedCache:IsFailSafeEnabled", "false" },
+            { "GlobalSettings:DistributedCache:AllowBackgroundDistributedCacheOperations", "false" },
+        });
+
+        _services.TryAddExtendedCacheServices(settings);
+        using var provider = _services.BuildServiceProvider();
+        var fusionCache = provider.GetRequiredService<IFusionCache>();
+        var options = fusionCache.DefaultEntryOptions;
+
+        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(12), options.Duration);
+        Assert.False(options.IsFailSafeEnabled);
+        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromHours(1.5), options.FailSafeMaxDuration);
+        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1), options.FailSafeThrottleDuration);
+        Assert.Equal(0.75f, options.EagerRefreshThreshold);
+        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(20), options.FactorySoftTimeout);
+        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(3000), options.FactoryHardTimeout);
+        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.5), options.DistributedCacheSoftTimeout);
+        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1.5), options.DistributedCacheHardTimeout);
+        Assert.False(options.AllowBackgroundDistributedCacheOperations);
+        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5), options.JitterMaxDuration);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryAddFusionCoreServices_DefaultSettings_ConfiguresExpectedValues()
+    {
+        _services.TryAddExtendedCacheServices(_globalSettings);
+        using var provider = _services.BuildServiceProvider();
+
+        var fusionCache = provider.GetRequiredService<IFusionCache>();
+        var options = fusionCache.DefaultEntryOptions;
+
+        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(30), options.Duration);
+        Assert.True(options.IsFailSafeEnabled);
+        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromHours(2), options.FailSafeMaxDuration);
+        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30), options.FailSafeThrottleDuration);
+        Assert.Equal(0.9f, options.EagerRefreshThreshold);
+        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(100), options.FactorySoftTimeout);
+        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(1500), options.FactoryHardTimeout);
+        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), options.DistributedCacheSoftTimeout);
+        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2), options.DistributedCacheHardTimeout);
+        Assert.True(options.AllowBackgroundDistributedCacheOperations);
+        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2), options.JitterMaxDuration);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryAddFusionCoreServices_MultipleCalls_OnlyConfiguresOnce()
+    {
+        var settings = CreateGlobalSettings(new Dictionary<string, string?>
+        {
+            { "GlobalSettings:DistributedCache:Redis:ConnectionString", "localhost:6379" },
+        });
+        _services.AddSingleton(Substitute.For<IConnectionMultiplexer>());
+        _services.TryAddExtendedCacheServices(settings);
+        _services.TryAddExtendedCacheServices(settings);
+        _services.TryAddExtendedCacheServices(settings);
+
+        var registrations = _services.Where(s => s.ServiceType == typeof(IFusionCache)).ToList();
+        Assert.Single(registrations);
+
+        using var provider = _services.BuildServiceProvider();
+        var fusionCache = provider.GetRequiredService<IFusionCache>();
+        Assert.NotNull(fusionCache);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryAddFusionCoreServices_WithRedis_EnablesDistributedCacheAndBackplane()
+    {
+        var settings = CreateGlobalSettings(new Dictionary<string, string?>
+        {
+            { "GlobalSettings:DistributedCache:Redis:ConnectionString", "localhost:6379" },
+        });
+
+        _services.AddSingleton(Substitute.For<IConnectionMultiplexer>());
+        _services.TryAddExtendedCacheServices(settings);
+        using var provider = _services.BuildServiceProvider();
+
+        var fusionCache = provider.GetRequiredService<IFusionCache>();
+        Assert.True(fusionCache.HasDistributedCache);
+        Assert.True(fusionCache.HasBackplane);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryAddFusionCoreServices_WithExistingRedis_EnablesDistributedCacheAndBackplane()
+    {
+        var settings = CreateGlobalSettings(new Dictionary<string, string?>
+        {
+            { "GlobalSettings:DistributedCache:Redis:ConnectionString", "localhost:6379" },
+        });
+
+        _services.AddSingleton(Substitute.For<IConnectionMultiplexer>());
+        _services.AddSingleton(Substitute.For<IDistributedCache>());
+        _services.TryAddExtendedCacheServices(settings);
+        using var provider = _services.BuildServiceProvider();
+
+        var fusionCache = provider.GetRequiredService<IFusionCache>();
+        Assert.True(fusionCache.HasDistributedCache);
+        Assert.True(fusionCache.HasBackplane);
+        var distributedCache = provider.GetRequiredService<IDistributedCache>();
+        Assert.NotNull(distributedCache);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryAddFusionCoreServices_WithoutRedis_DisablesDistributedCacheAndBackplane()
+    {
+        _services.TryAddExtendedCacheServices(_globalSettings);
+        using var provider = _services.BuildServiceProvider();
+
+        var fusionCache = provider.GetRequiredService<IFusionCache>();
+        Assert.False(fusionCache.HasDistributedCache);
+        Assert.False(fusionCache.HasBackplane);
+    }
+
+    private static GlobalSettings CreateGlobalSettings(Dictionary<string, string?> data)
+    {
+        var config = new ConfigurationBuilder()
+            .AddInMemoryCollection(data)
+            .Build();
+
+        var settings = new GlobalSettings();
+        config.GetSection("GlobalSettings").Bind(settings);
+        return settings;
+    }
+}