diff --git a/backend/azureblob/azureblob.go b/backend/azureblob/azureblob.go
index 963c11018..1a7e9a008 100644
--- a/backend/azureblob/azureblob.go
+++ b/backend/azureblob/azureblob.go
@@ -2152,7 +2152,6 @@ func (o *Object) getMetadata() (metadata map[string]*string) {
 	}
 	metadata = make(map[string]*string, len(o.meta))
 	for k, v := range o.meta {
-		v := v
 		metadata[k] = &v
 	}
 	return metadata
diff --git a/backend/combine/combine.go b/backend/combine/combine.go
index 80e2d6d0f..6c74c343f 100644
--- a/backend/combine/combine.go
+++ b/backend/combine/combine.go
@@ -187,7 +187,6 @@ func NewFs(ctx context.Context, name, root string, m configmap.Mapper) (outFs fs
 	g, gCtx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
 	var mu sync.Mutex
 	for _, upstream := range opt.Upstreams {
-		upstream := upstream
 		g.Go(func() (err error) {
 			equal := strings.IndexRune(upstream, '=')
 			if equal < 0 {
@@ -370,7 +369,6 @@ func NewFs(ctx context.Context, name, root string, m configmap.Mapper) (outFs fs
 func (f *Fs) multithread(ctx context.Context, fn func(context.Context, *upstream) error) error {
 	g, gCtx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
 	for _, u := range f.upstreams {
-		u := u
 		g.Go(func() (err error) {
 			return fn(gCtx, u)
 		})
@@ -637,7 +635,6 @@ func (f *Fs) ChangeNotify(ctx context.Context, notifyFunc func(string, fs.EntryT
 	var uChans []chan time.Duration
 
 	for _, u := range f.upstreams {
-		u := u
 		if do := u.f.Features().ChangeNotify; do != nil {
 			ch := make(chan time.Duration)
 			uChans = append(uChans, ch)
diff --git a/backend/drive/metadata.go b/backend/drive/metadata.go
index 3f2800e49..2a56ce233 100644
--- a/backend/drive/metadata.go
+++ b/backend/drive/metadata.go
@@ -386,7 +386,6 @@ func (o *baseObject) parseMetadata(ctx context.Context, info *drive.File) (err e
 			g.SetLimit(o.fs.ci.Checkers)
 			var mu sync.Mutex // protect the info.Permissions from concurrent writes
 			for _, permissionID := range info.PermissionIds {
-				permissionID := permissionID
 				g.Go(func() error {
 					// must fetch the team drive ones individually to check the inherited flag
 					perm, inherited, err := o.fs.getPermission(gCtx, actualID(info.Id), permissionID, !o.fs.isTeamDrive)
@@ -520,7 +519,6 @@ func (f *Fs) updateMetadata(ctx context.Context, updateInfo *drive.File, meta fs
 	}
 	// merge metadata into request and user metadata
 	for k, v := range meta {
-		k, v := k, v
 		// parse a boolean from v and write into out
 		parseBool := func(out *bool) error {
 			b, err := strconv.ParseBool(v)
diff --git a/backend/onedrive/metadata.go b/backend/onedrive/metadata.go
index 63f9e7571..2d3476937 100644
--- a/backend/onedrive/metadata.go
+++ b/backend/onedrive/metadata.go
@@ -243,7 +243,6 @@ func (m *Metadata) Get(ctx context.Context) (metadata fs.Metadata, err error) {
 func (m *Metadata) Set(ctx context.Context, metadata fs.Metadata) (numSet int, err error) {
 	numSet = 0
 	for k, v := range metadata {
-		k, v := k, v
 		switch k {
 		case "mtime":
 			t, err := time.Parse(timeFormatIn, v)
diff --git a/backend/union/policy/epff.go b/backend/union/policy/epff.go
index e984bf2fd..f6aec0844 100644
--- a/backend/union/policy/epff.go
+++ b/backend/union/policy/epff.go
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ func (p *EpFF) epff(ctx context.Context, upstreams []*upstream.Fs, filePath stri
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 	defer cancel()
 	for _, u := range upstreams {
-		u := u // Closure
 		go func() {
 			rfs := u.RootFs
 			remote := path.Join(u.RootPath, filePath)
diff --git a/cmd/gitannex/e2e_test.go b/cmd/gitannex/e2e_test.go
index be386d447..ffc630100 100644
--- a/cmd/gitannex/e2e_test.go
+++ b/cmd/gitannex/e2e_test.go
@@ -229,7 +229,6 @@ func TestEndToEnd(t *testing.T) {
 	skipE2eTestIfNecessary(t)
 
 	for _, mode := range allLayoutModes() {
-		mode := mode
 		t.Run(string(mode), func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 
@@ -258,7 +257,6 @@ func TestEndToEndMigration(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	for _, mode := range allLayoutModes() {
-		mode := mode
 		t.Run(string(mode), func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 
@@ -318,7 +316,6 @@ func TestEndToEndRepoLayoutCompat(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	for _, mode := range allLayoutModes() {
-		mode := mode
 		t.Run(string(mode), func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 
diff --git a/cmd/serve/nfs/cache_test.go b/cmd/serve/nfs/cache_test.go
index 6941fde17..2cc4d961e 100644
--- a/cmd/serve/nfs/cache_test.go
+++ b/cmd/serve/nfs/cache_test.go
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ func testCacheCRUD(t *testing.T, h *Handler, c Cache, fileName string) {
 func testCacheThrashDifferent(t *testing.T, h *Handler, c Cache) {
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	for i := range 100 {
-		i := i
 		wg.Add(1)
 		go func() {
 			defer wg.Done()
@@ -125,7 +124,6 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 	billyFS := &FS{nil} // place holder billyFS
 	for _, cacheType := range []handleCache{cacheMemory, cacheDisk, cacheSymlink} {
-		cacheType := cacheType
 		t.Run(cacheType.String(), func(t *testing.T) {
 			h := &Handler{
 				vfs:     vfs.New(object.MemoryFs, nil),
diff --git a/fs/config/rc.go b/fs/config/rc.go
index c87dcb318..62484541c 100644
--- a/fs/config/rc.go
+++ b/fs/config/rc.go
@@ -145,7 +145,6 @@ func rcProviders(ctx context.Context, in rc.Params) (out rc.Params, err error) {
 
 func init() {
 	for _, name := range []string{"create", "update", "password"} {
-		name := name
 		extraHelp := ""
 		if name == "create" {
 			extraHelp = "- type - type of the new remote\n"
diff --git a/fs/list/sorter.go b/fs/list/sorter.go
index cc1d55a5b..b2674b294 100644
--- a/fs/list/sorter.go
+++ b/fs/list/sorter.go
@@ -222,7 +222,6 @@ func (lh *listHelper) send(max int) (err error) {
 	g, gCtx := errgroup.WithContext(lh.ls.ctx)
 	g.SetLimit(lh.ls.ci.Checkers)
 	for i, key := range lh.keys {
-		i, key := i, key // can remove when go1.22 is minimum version
 		g.Go(func() error {
 			lh.entries[i], lh.errs[i] = lh.ls.keyToEntry(gCtx, key)
 			return nil
diff --git a/fs/operations/rc.go b/fs/operations/rc.go
index cd9160f73..644a947e9 100644
--- a/fs/operations/rc.go
+++ b/fs/operations/rc.go
@@ -160,7 +160,6 @@ func rcAbout(ctx context.Context, in rc.Params) (out rc.Params, err error) {
 
 func init() {
 	for _, copy := range []bool{false, true} {
-		copy := copy
 		name := "Move"
 		if copy {
 			name = "Copy"
@@ -217,7 +216,6 @@ func init() {
 		{name: "settier", title: "Changes storage tier or class on all files in the path", noRemote: true},
 		{name: "settierfile", title: "Changes storage tier or class on the single file pointed to", noCommand: true},
 	} {
-		op := op
 		var remote, command string
 		if !op.noRemote {
 			remote = "- remote - a path within that remote e.g. \"dir\"\n"
diff --git a/fs/sync/rc.go b/fs/sync/rc.go
index 42ca315f6..6577e498b 100644
--- a/fs/sync/rc.go
+++ b/fs/sync/rc.go
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 
 func init() {
 	for _, name := range []string{"sync", "copy", "move"} {
-		name := name
 		moveHelp := ""
 		if name == "move" {
 			moveHelp = "- deleteEmptySrcDirs - delete empty src directories if set\n"